A physical anthropological analysis of human skeletal remains from archaeological sites in Turkey

Anatolia, approximately equivalent to modem day Turkey, is dotted with a plethora of archaeological sites due to its historic position as a ‘bridge’ between Europe and Asia. Local trade, migration and military conflict have all contributed to shaping Anatolia’s unique cultural landscape. Today, numerous multi-disciplinary archaeological excavations are undertaken in Turkey that augment the large body of work already available. One facet of these investigations, which is becoming increasingly valued, is physical anthropology. Physical anthropological analysis, when combined with archaeological, burial, archaeofaunal and botanical research, provides the most complete picture of the demography and health of an ancient community. It can also contribute significantly to analysis of migration patterns and provide another perspective in the investigation of societal and cultural trends.

Physical anthropological analysis has been undertaken at many Anatolian sites, but there are still a number of excavations where exhumed skeletons await proper analysis.

This study examined human skeletal remains from five sites in ancient Anatolia: Sos Hôyük, Büyüktepe Hôyük, Kinet Hôyük, îkiztepe and Tilbeç Hôyük. The primary goal was to determine demographic data for each sample using standard physical anthropological techniques, which, however, were restricted to macroscopic procedures. Further analysis of the skeletons also determined evidence of pathology, trauma and work related stress. This was then related to burial customs and discussed in light of archaeological knowledge of these and other sites.

Ninety-four skeletons were analysed in total. Results showed a broad spread of ages with unexpected numbers of juveniles recovered at Büyüktepe Hôyük, Kinet Hôyük and îkiztepe. Macroscopic evidence of pathology was not extensive although degenerative changes to the spine and periodontal disease were most common and recorded at all five sites. Non-metric variations, specifically platymeria, squatting facets and dorsal pitting of the pubic bone were also apparent at multiple sites and are discussed accordingly to ascertain if their repeated appearance was linked.

All sites provided poorer than expected preservation of skeletal remains which significantly affected the collection of demographic data. The comparative degree of preservation at each site was analysed and contributing factors are discussed to determine whether this was normal and, if so, how preservation could be improved in the future.