A scoping review of chemical, pharmacological and toxicological properties and clinical applications of Australian Indigenous medicine

Indigenous Australians have long recognised and utilised the therapeutic potential of Australian native plants for generations to treat and manage various diseases. In recent years, these native plants have been explored in preclinical research for their chemical profiles and therapeutic properties for conditions such as skin disorders, colds and flu, various cancers, neurological disorders, metabolic syndrome, and other inflammatory conditions. Notable species studied include Kakadu plum, Davidson's plum, Burdekin plum, Illawarra plum, anise myrtle, lemon myrtle, lemon aspen, quandong, muntries, and Tasmanian pepperberry. Key bioactive compounds identified in these plants include polyphenols, ellagic acid, anthocyanins, flavonoids, and hydrolysable tannins. This review aims to compile and summarise the existing preclinical and clinical research investigating the chemical, pharmacological, and toxicological properties of Australian Indigenous Medicines. It also seeks to address the challenges and obstacles encountered in Australian Indigenous Medicine research and highlight innovative methodological approaches that can be employed in the future.