A state-of-the-art review on heating and cooling of lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles

Currently, lithium-ion batteries are attracting the attention of various sectors, such as the automobile, electronics, and aerospace industries, due to their remarkable characteristics, including high energy density, power density, and superior operational performance, when compared to other batteries. However, these batteries face challenges such as performance loss and thermal runaway due to temperature variations. Electric vehicles need to operate both in warm and cold climates, which demand lithium-ion to maintain optimal performance at various temperature levels. In past decades, numerous investigations have been conducted to examine the thermal management techniques employed in lithium-ion batteries. This study examines and categorizes the recent research progress of battery thermal management systems, including both external and internal preheating techniques and active, passive and hybrid cooling techniques. It also evaluates different thermal management technologies from multiple aspects, such as; heating and cooling performance, system simplicity, internal temperature difference, adaptability and safety.