An assessment of the cyber security challenges and issues associated with cyber-physical power systems

Cyber-Physical Power Systems (CPPS) are innovative technologies that combine physical systems with control, computing, and communication technology. Its significance has grown because of improved efficiency and safety in various applications such as smart grids, smart cities, CNC matching monitoring systems, intelligent manufacturing systems, smart transportation, smart government, smart healthcare, smart environments, smart homes, and so on. These smart applications not only cause accidental failure and errors but also pose numerous security and privacy issues, such as cyber-attacks that cause physical harm to the system and its environment. Due to the heterogeneity, scalability, and dynamic nature of these intelligent applications, existing security solutions cannot be directly applied to them; therefore, when developing and implementing new mechanisms or systems, it is essential to be aware of security and privacy risks. This paper examines the security challenges and issues associated with CPPS in response to this concern. The review gives a general overview of the CPPS interdependence framework and numerous CPPS applications. The security challenges and solutions are then evaluated, followed by describing the cyber threats that can exploit CPPS using an analysis, defense, and protection model. Other critical CPPS issues, which include the development of secure and sustainable power systems, are summarized along with current research challenges and suggestions for future work.