Application of self-sensing concrete sensors for bridge monitoring: A review of recent developments, challenges, and future prospects

Recent advances in self-sensing concrete technology have shown promising potential for bridge monitoring applications. The successful application of SSCSs in bridge structural health monitoring (SHM) requires careful consideration of two crucial parameters: calibration and gauge factor. These factors are essential for obtaining reliable field data and ensuring accurate monitoring outcomes. Several challenges have emerged in field applications, including environmental weathering and the need for multi-parameter calibration. To address these issues, researchers have developed various solutions, such as proactive coating of SSCSs and the use of carbon multifunctional fillers. The implementation of these sensors has been enhanced through various technological innovations, including Internet of Things (IoT) integration, hybrid sensor applications, and novel installation techniques. Digital solutions such as bridge information modelling (BrIM) and digital twin technology. The combination of SSCSs with advanced digital technologies presents a compelling case for their adoption in bridge monitoring and decision-making systems, potentially replacing conventional sensors.