Assessing the critical role of ICT in improving the I4R for circular economy

This chapter proposes a framework for the assessment of I4R (Industry 4.0 (I4), referred to as 'the fourth industrial revolution') for CE (circular economy) from the ICT systems perspective. The framework is based on the key principles of I4 and CE, an overview of industry sectors from the perspective of I4, and the key requirements for I4R, focusing on CE across firms and industry/sector levels. This is followed by trends for shaping the manufacturing landscape, implications for policy/decision makers, and examining how businesses can prepare for the potential change. In addition, this chapter presents parameters and measures as part of the framework for assessing the critical role of ICT in improving I4R for CE at the firm and industry/sector levels and reports on how the assessment framework can be developed and guided by the principles of both themes (I4 and CE). It is expected that the complex dynamics of I4 and CE will lead to the need for careful investigation on how both work together at the firm, industry/sector, and national levels.