TY - JOUR
T1 - Associations of dietary habits, inflammatory dietary index, and lifestyle factors with depressive symptoms
T2 - a cross-sectional study of 53,539 individuals with thyroid nodules
AU - Li, Lijun
AU - Li, Ying
AU - Li, Hui
AU - Zhou, Yi
AU - He, Xue
AU - Yang, Pingting
AU - Wang, Xingxing
AU - Zhu, Jiayi
AU - Duan, Yinglong
AU - Xie, Jianfei
AU - Cheng, Andy S.K.
PY - 2025/11/1
Y1 - 2025/11/1
N2 - Background: Depressive symptoms are closely associated with thyroid nodules (TNs). Lifestyle and dietary factors have been linked to depressive symptoms. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the associations between dietary patterns-including dietary diversity, protein-enriched dietary, inflammatory dietary patterns, dietary habits and depressive symptoms in individuals with TNs. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 53,539 participants who underwent physical examinations between January 2017 and March 2024. Participants completed self-reported questionnaires on demographic characteristics, physical health, activity levels, dietary index scores, dietary habits, and depressive symptoms. Results: Participants were female (OR: 1.38, 95 % CI: 1.30–1.46), divorced or widowed (OR: 1.56, 95 % CI: 1.31–1.85), had a higher waist-hip ratio, and (OR: 2.22; 95 % CI: 1.43–3.43) and engaged in prolonged sedentary time (OR: 1.51; 95 % CI: 1.41–1.62) were more likely to report depressive symptoms. Regarding dietary factors, an anti-inflammatory dietary (OR: 0.79; 95 % CI: 0.75–0.83) and a protein-enriched dietary (OR: 0.87; 95 % CI: 0.83–0.92) were associated with a lower risk of depressive symptoms. However, irregular eating (OR: 2.00, 95 % CI: 1.81–2.21), overeating frequently (OR: 1.87; 95 % CI: 1.70–2.05), and being a former drinker (OR: 1.43, 95 % CI: 1.19–1.71) were associated with a higher risk of depressive symptoms in individuals with TNs. Conclusions: Unhealthy eating behaviors and prolonged sedentary time were associated with a higher risk of depressive symptoms in individuals with TNs, while anti-inflammatory and protein-rich diets were associated with lower odds. These findings suggest potential links between dietary and lifestyle factors and depressive symptoms, which may warrant further investigation in prospective or interventional studies.
AB - Background: Depressive symptoms are closely associated with thyroid nodules (TNs). Lifestyle and dietary factors have been linked to depressive symptoms. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the associations between dietary patterns-including dietary diversity, protein-enriched dietary, inflammatory dietary patterns, dietary habits and depressive symptoms in individuals with TNs. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 53,539 participants who underwent physical examinations between January 2017 and March 2024. Participants completed self-reported questionnaires on demographic characteristics, physical health, activity levels, dietary index scores, dietary habits, and depressive symptoms. Results: Participants were female (OR: 1.38, 95 % CI: 1.30–1.46), divorced or widowed (OR: 1.56, 95 % CI: 1.31–1.85), had a higher waist-hip ratio, and (OR: 2.22; 95 % CI: 1.43–3.43) and engaged in prolonged sedentary time (OR: 1.51; 95 % CI: 1.41–1.62) were more likely to report depressive symptoms. Regarding dietary factors, an anti-inflammatory dietary (OR: 0.79; 95 % CI: 0.75–0.83) and a protein-enriched dietary (OR: 0.87; 95 % CI: 0.83–0.92) were associated with a lower risk of depressive symptoms. However, irregular eating (OR: 2.00, 95 % CI: 1.81–2.21), overeating frequently (OR: 1.87; 95 % CI: 1.70–2.05), and being a former drinker (OR: 1.43, 95 % CI: 1.19–1.71) were associated with a higher risk of depressive symptoms in individuals with TNs. Conclusions: Unhealthy eating behaviors and prolonged sedentary time were associated with a higher risk of depressive symptoms in individuals with TNs, while anti-inflammatory and protein-rich diets were associated with lower odds. These findings suggest potential links between dietary and lifestyle factors and depressive symptoms, which may warrant further investigation in prospective or interventional studies.
KW - Anti-inflammatory
KW - Depressive symptoms
KW - Dietary
KW - Thyroid nodules
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=105008531802&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - https://go.openathens.net/redirector/westernsydney.edu.au?url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2025.119735
U2 - 10.1016/j.jad.2025.119735
DO - 10.1016/j.jad.2025.119735
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:105008531802
SN - 0165-0327
VL - 388
JO - Journal of Affective Disorders
JF - Journal of Affective Disorders
M1 - 119735
ER -