Atypical complications and co-morbidities of type 1 diabetes in young adults

Aims: Our review aimed to determine the prevalence of – and factors associated with – hearing loss, oral and olfactory disease, frozen shoulder, trigger finger, and hair loss in young adults with type 1 diabetes. These conditions were selected based on research team interests, existing literature, and group discussion.

Methods: We conducted a quantitative narrative review using a systematic process to identify cohort and cross- sectional studies involving young adults with type 1 diabetes (mean age 18–30 years). PubMed, CINAHL, and Cochrane were searched (January 2000–February 2024). Grey literature was not restricted, and quality appraisal was undertaken. Extracted data were synthesised and summarised narratively.

Results: The initial search found 3924 records and after title, abstract and full-text review, 19 records met inclusion criteria. Hearing loss prevalence ranged from 22.6 to 48.0 %, with age, diabetes duration, and systolic blood pressure identified as prominent associated features. For oral disease, peridontitis prevalence was 4.7 %, while alveolar bone loss ranged from 24.6 to 43.9 %; age was the primary associated factor. No eligible data were identified regarding frozen shoulder, trigger finger, or hair loss. Conclusions: Further research is needed to characterize the prevalence and risk factors of atypical complications in type 1 diabetes. Clinical care should be guided by a robust understanding of these under-recognised comorbidities.