Burden of vision loss in the Eastern Mediterranean region, 1990–2015 : findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2015 Study

Collaborators Gbd 2015 Eastern Mediterranean Region Vision Loss Collaborators; Sare Safi; Hamid Ahmadieh; Marzieh Katibeh; Mehdi Yaseri; Alireza Ramezani; Saeid Shahraz; Maziar Moradi-Lakeh; Ibrahim Khalil; Charbel El Bcheraoui; Michael Collison; Adrienne Chew; Farah Daoud; Kristopher J. Krohn; Zane Rankin; Ashkan Afshin; Nicholas J. Kassebaum; Helen E. Olsen; Jeffrey D. Stanaway; Haidong Wang; Katie Wilson; Yitayih Gebre Yitayih; Ayman Al-Eyadhy; Khurshid Alam; Deena Alasfoor; Reza Alizadeh-Navaei; Rajaa Al-Raddadi; Ubai Alsharif; Khalid A. Altirkawi; Nahla Anber; Hossein Ansari; Palwasha Anwari; Hamid Asayesh; Solomon Weldegebreal Asgedom; Tesfay Mehari Atey; Umar Bacha; Aleksandra Barac; Neeraj Bedi; Zahid A. Butt; Abdulaal A. Chitheer; Shirin Djalalinia; Huyen Do Phuc; Babak Eshrati; Maryam S. Farvid; Farshad Farzadfar; Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad; Florian Fischer; Tsegaye Tewelde Gebrehiwot; Randah Ribhi Hamadeh; Samer Hamidi; Tarig B. Higazi; Mohamed Hsairi; Aida Jimenez-Corona; Denny John; Jost B. Jonas; Amir Kasaeian; Yousef Saleh; Ejaz Ahmad Khan; Heidi J. Larson; Asma Abdul Latif; Raimundas Lunevicius; Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek; Mohammed Magdy Abd El Razek; Azeem Majeed; Reza Malekzadeh; Colm McAlinden; Ziad A. Memish; Ted R. Miller; Seyed-Farzad Mohammadi; Vinay Nangia; Cuong Tat Nguyen; Quyen Le Nguyen; Felix Akpojene Ogbo; Farshad Pourmalek; Mostafa Qorbani; Anwar Rafay; Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar; Rajesh Kumar Rai; Saleem M. Rana; David Laith Rawaf; Salman Rawaf; Andre M. N. Renzaho; Satar Rezaei; Gholamreza Roshandel; Mahdi Safdarian; Saeid Safiri; Payman Salamati; Abdallah M. Samy; Benn Sartorius; Sadaf G. Sepanlou; Masood Ali Shaikh; Eirini Skiadaresi; Badr H. A. Sobaih; Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader; Hugh R. Taylor; Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi; Mohamad-Hani Temsah; Roman Topor-Madry; Bach Xuan Tran; Miltiadis Tsilimbaris; Kingsley Nnanna Ukwaja; Olalekan A. Uthman; Tolassa Wakayo; Naohiro Yonemoto; Mustafa Z. Younis; Maysaa El Sayed Zaki; Aisha O. Jumaan; Theo Vos; Simon I. Hay; Mohsen Naghavi; Christopher J. L. Murray; Ali H. Mokdad

doi:10.1007/s00038-017-1000-7

Burden of vision loss in the Eastern Mediterranean region, 1990–2015 : findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2015 Study

Collaborators Gbd 2015 Eastern Mediterranean Region Vision Loss Collaborators
, Sare Safi
, Hamid Ahmadieh
, Marzieh Katibeh
, Mehdi Yaseri
, Alireza Ramezani
, Saeid Shahraz
, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh
, Ibrahim Khalil
, Charbel El Bcheraoui
, Michael Collison
, Adrienne Chew
, Farah Daoud
, Kristopher J. Krohn
, Zane Rankin
, Ashkan Afshin
, Nicholas J. Kassebaum
, Helen E. Olsen
, Jeffrey D. Stanaway
, Haidong Wang

Katie Wilson, Yitayih Gebre Yitayih, Ayman Al-Eyadhy, Khurshid Alam, Deena Alasfoor, Reza Alizadeh-Navaei, Rajaa Al-Raddadi, Ubai Alsharif, Khalid A. Altirkawi, Nahla Anber, Hossein Ansari, Palwasha Anwari, Hamid Asayesh, Solomon Weldegebreal Asgedom, Tesfay Mehari Atey, Umar Bacha, Aleksandra Barac, Neeraj Bedi, Zahid A. Butt, Abdulaal A. Chitheer, Shirin Djalalinia, Huyen Do Phuc, Babak Eshrati, Maryam S. Farvid, Farshad Farzadfar, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Florian Fischer, Tsegaye Tewelde Gebrehiwot, Randah Ribhi Hamadeh, Samer Hamidi, Tarig B. Higazi, Mohamed Hsairi, Aida Jimenez-Corona, Denny John, Jost B. Jonas, Amir Kasaeian, Yousef Saleh, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Heidi J. Larson, Asma Abdul Latif, Raimundas Lunevicius, Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek, Mohammed Magdy Abd El Razek, Azeem Majeed, Reza Malekzadeh, Colm McAlinden, Ziad A. Memish, Ted R. Miller, Seyed-Farzad Mohammadi, Vinay Nangia, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Quyen Le Nguyen, Felix Akpojene Ogbo, Farshad Pourmalek, Mostafa Qorbani, Anwar Rafay, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Rajesh Kumar Rai, Saleem M. Rana, David Laith Rawaf, Salman Rawaf, Andre M. N. Renzaho, Satar Rezaei, Gholamreza Roshandel, Mahdi Safdarian, Saeid Safiri, Payman Salamati, Abdallah M. Samy, Benn Sartorius, Sadaf G. Sepanlou, Masood Ali Shaikh, Eirini Skiadaresi, Badr H. A. Sobaih, Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader, Hugh R. Taylor, Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Roman Topor-Madry, Bach Xuan Tran, Miltiadis Tsilimbaris, Kingsley Nnanna Ukwaja, Olalekan A. Uthman, Tolassa Wakayo, Naohiro Yonemoto, Mustafa Z. Younis, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Aisha O. Jumaan, Theo Vos, Simon I. Hay, Mohsen Naghavi, Christopher J. L. Murray, Ali H. Mokdad

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

19 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

Objectives: To report the estimated trend in prevalence and years lived with disability (YLDs) due to vision loss (VL) in the Eastern Mediterranean region (EMR) from 1990 to 2015. Methods: The estimated trends in age-standardized prevalence and the YLDs rate due to VL in 22 EMR countries were extracted from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2015 study. The association of Socio-demographic Index (SDI) with changes in prevalence and YLDs of VL was evaluated using a multilevel mixed model. Results: The age-standardized prevalence of VL in the EMR was 18.2% in 1990 and 15.5% in 2015. The total age-standardized YLDs rate attributed to all-cause VL in EMR was 536.9 per 100,000 population in 1990 and 482.3 per 100,000 population in 2015. For each 0.1 unit increase in SDI, the age-standardized prevalence and YLDs rate of VL showed a reduction of 1.5% (p < 0.001) and 23.9 per 100,000 population (p < 0.001), respectively. Conclusions: The burden of VL is high in the EMR; however, it shows a descending trend over the past 25 years. EMR countries need to establish comprehensive eye care programs in their health care systems.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	S199-S210
Number of pages	12
Journal	International Journal of Public Health
Volume	63
Issue number	Supplement 1
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-017-1000-7
Publication status	Published - 2018

Open Access - Access Right Statement

This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

Keywords

Middle East
blindness
vision disorders

Access to Document

10.1007/s00038-017-1000-7

Cite this

Gbd 2015 Eastern Mediterranean Region Vision Loss Collaborators, C., Safi, S., Ahmadieh, H., Katibeh, M., Yaseri, M., Ramezani, A., Shahraz, S., Moradi-Lakeh, M., Khalil, I., El Bcheraoui, C., Collison, M., Chew, A., Daoud, F., Krohn, K. J., Rankin, Z., Afshin, A., Kassebaum, N. J., Olsen, H. E., Stanaway, J. D., ... Mokdad, A. H. (2018). Burden of vision loss in the Eastern Mediterranean region, 1990–2015 : findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2015 Study. International Journal of Public Health, 63(Supplement 1), S199-S210. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-017-1000-7

@article{fb1038e932c149ca971f75eaa56e0d15,

title = "Burden of vision loss in the Eastern Mediterranean region, 1990–2015 : findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2015 Study",

abstract = "Objectives: To report the estimated trend in prevalence and years lived with disability (YLDs) due to vision loss (VL) in the Eastern Mediterranean region (EMR) from 1990 to 2015. Methods: The estimated trends in age-standardized prevalence and the YLDs rate due to VL in 22 EMR countries were extracted from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2015 study. The association of Socio-demographic Index (SDI) with changes in prevalence and YLDs of VL was evaluated using a multilevel mixed model. Results: The age-standardized prevalence of VL in the EMR was 18.2\% in 1990 and 15.5\% in 2015. The total age-standardized YLDs rate attributed to all-cause VL in EMR was 536.9 per 100,000 population in 1990 and 482.3 per 100,000 population in 2015. For each 0.1 unit increase in SDI, the age-standardized prevalence and YLDs rate of VL showed a reduction of 1.5\% (p < 0.001) and 23.9 per 100,000 population (p < 0.001), respectively. Conclusions: The burden of VL is high in the EMR; however, it shows a descending trend over the past 25 years. EMR countries need to establish comprehensive eye care programs in their health care systems.",

keywords = "Middle East, blindness, vision disorders",

author = "\{Gbd 2015 Eastern Mediterranean Region Vision Loss Collaborators\}, Collaborators and Sare Safi and Hamid Ahmadieh and Marzieh Katibeh and Mehdi Yaseri and Alireza Ramezani and Saeid Shahraz and Maziar Moradi-Lakeh and Ibrahim Khalil and \{El Bcheraoui\}, Charbel and Michael Collison and Adrienne Chew and Farah Daoud and Krohn, \{Kristopher J.\} and Zane Rankin and Ashkan Afshin and Kassebaum, \{Nicholas J.\} and Olsen, \{Helen E.\} and Stanaway, \{Jeffrey D.\} and Haidong Wang and Katie Wilson and \{Gebre Yitayih\}, Yitayih and Ayman Al-Eyadhy and Khurshid Alam and Deena Alasfoor and Reza Alizadeh-Navaei and Rajaa Al-Raddadi and Ubai Alsharif and Altirkawi, \{Khalid A.\} and Nahla Anber and Hossein Ansari and Palwasha Anwari and Hamid Asayesh and Asgedom, \{Solomon Weldegebreal\} and Atey, \{Tesfay Mehari\} and Umar Bacha and Aleksandra Barac and Neeraj Bedi and Butt, \{Zahid A.\} and Chitheer, \{Abdulaal A.\} and Shirin Djalalinia and \{Do Phuc\}, Huyen and Babak Eshrati and Farvid, \{Maryam S.\} and Farshad Farzadfar and Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad and Florian Fischer and Gebrehiwot, \{Tsegaye Tewelde\} and Hamadeh, \{Randah Ribhi\} and Samer Hamidi and Higazi, \{Tarig B.\} and Mohamed Hsairi and Aida Jimenez-Corona and Denny John and Jonas, \{Jost B.\} and Amir Kasaeian and Yousef Saleh and Khan, \{Ejaz Ahmad\} and Larson, \{Heidi J.\} and Latif, \{Asma Abdul\} and Raimundas Lunevicius and \{Magdy Abd El Razek\}, Hassan and \{Magdy Abd El Razek\}, Mohammed and Azeem Majeed and Reza Malekzadeh and Colm McAlinden and Memish, \{Ziad A.\} and Miller, \{Ted R.\} and Seyed-Farzad Mohammadi and Vinay Nangia and Nguyen, \{Cuong Tat\} and Nguyen, \{Quyen Le\} and Ogbo, \{Felix Akpojene\} and Farshad Pourmalek and Mostafa Qorbani and Anwar Rafay and Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar and Rai, \{Rajesh Kumar\} and Rana, \{Saleem M.\} and Rawaf, \{David Laith\} and Salman Rawaf and Renzaho, \{Andre M. N.\} and Satar Rezaei and Gholamreza Roshandel and Mahdi Safdarian and Saeid Safiri and Payman Salamati and Samy, \{Abdallah M.\} and Benn Sartorius and Sepanlou, \{Sadaf G.\} and Shaikh, \{Masood Ali\} and Eirini Skiadaresi and Sobaih, \{Badr H. A.\} and \{Suliankatchi Abdulkader\}, Rizwan and Taylor, \{Hugh R.\} and Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi and Mohamad-Hani Temsah and Roman Topor-Madry and Tran, \{Bach Xuan\} and Miltiadis Tsilimbaris and Ukwaja, \{Kingsley Nnanna\} and Uthman, \{Olalekan A.\} and Tolassa Wakayo and Naohiro Yonemoto and Younis, \{Mustafa Z.\} and Zaki, \{Maysaa El Sayed\} and Jumaan, \{Aisha O.\} and Theo Vos and Hay, \{Simon I.\} and Mohsen Naghavi and Murray, \{Christopher J. L.\} and Mokdad, \{Ali H.\}",

year = "2018",

doi = "10.1007/s00038-017-1000-7",

language = "English",

volume = "63",

pages = "S199--S210",

journal = "International Journal of Public Health",

issn = "1661-8564",

publisher = "Frontiers Media SA",

number = "Supplement 1",

}

Gbd 2015 Eastern Mediterranean Region Vision Loss Collaborators, C, Safi, S, Ahmadieh, H, Katibeh, M, Yaseri, M, Ramezani, A, Shahraz, S, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Khalil, I, El Bcheraoui, C, Collison, M, Chew, A, Daoud, F, Krohn, KJ, Rankin, Z, Afshin, A, Kassebaum, NJ, Olsen, HE, Stanaway, JD, Wang, H, Wilson, K, Gebre Yitayih, Y, Al-Eyadhy, A, Alam, K, Alasfoor, D, Alizadeh-Navaei, R, Al-Raddadi, R, Alsharif, U, Altirkawi, KA, Anber, N, Ansari, H, Anwari, P, Asayesh, H, Asgedom, SW, Atey, TM, Bacha, U, Barac, A, Bedi, N, Butt, ZA, Chitheer, AA, Djalalinia, S, Do Phuc, H, Eshrati, B, Farvid, MS, Farzadfar, F, Fereshtehnejad, S-M, Fischer, F, Gebrehiwot, TT, Hamadeh, RR, Hamidi, S, Higazi, TB, Hsairi, M, Jimenez-Corona, A, John, D, Jonas, JB, Kasaeian, A, Saleh, Y, Khan, EA, Larson, HJ, Latif, AA, Lunevicius, R, Magdy Abd El Razek, H, Magdy Abd El Razek, M, Majeed, A, Malekzadeh, R, McAlinden, C, Memish, ZA, Miller, TR, Mohammadi, S-F, Nangia, V, Nguyen, CT, Nguyen, QL, Ogbo, FA, Pourmalek, F, Qorbani, M, Rafay, A, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rai, RK, Rana, SM, Rawaf, DL, Rawaf, S, Renzaho, AMN, Rezaei, S, Roshandel, G, Safdarian, M, Safiri, S, Salamati, P, Samy, AM, Sartorius, B, Sepanlou, SG, Shaikh, MA, Skiadaresi, E, Sobaih, BHA, Suliankatchi Abdulkader, R, Taylor, HR, Tehrani-Banihashemi, A, Temsah, M-H, Topor-Madry, R, Tran, BX, Tsilimbaris, M, Ukwaja, KN, Uthman, OA, Wakayo, T, Yonemoto, N, Younis, MZ, Zaki, MES, Jumaan, AO, Vos, T, Hay, SI, Naghavi, M, Murray, CJL & Mokdad, AH 2018, 'Burden of vision loss in the Eastern Mediterranean region, 1990–2015 : findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2015 Study', International Journal of Public Health, vol. 63, no. Supplement 1, pp. S199-S210. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-017-1000-7

Burden of vision loss in the Eastern Mediterranean region, 1990–2015 : findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2015 Study. / Gbd 2015 Eastern Mediterranean Region Vision Loss Collaborators, Collaborators; Safi, Sare; Ahmadieh, Hamid et al.
In: International Journal of Public Health, Vol. 63, No. Supplement 1, 2018, p. S199-S210.

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

TY - JOUR

T1 - Burden of vision loss in the Eastern Mediterranean region, 1990–2015 : findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2015 Study

AU - Gbd 2015 Eastern Mediterranean Region Vision Loss Collaborators, Collaborators

AU - Safi, Sare

AU - Ahmadieh, Hamid

AU - Katibeh, Marzieh

AU - Yaseri, Mehdi

AU - Ramezani, Alireza

AU - Shahraz, Saeid

AU - Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar

AU - Khalil, Ibrahim

AU - El Bcheraoui, Charbel

AU - Collison, Michael

AU - Chew, Adrienne

AU - Daoud, Farah

AU - Krohn, Kristopher J.

AU - Rankin, Zane

AU - Afshin, Ashkan

AU - Kassebaum, Nicholas J.

AU - Olsen, Helen E.

AU - Stanaway, Jeffrey D.

AU - Wang, Haidong

AU - Wilson, Katie

AU - Gebre Yitayih, Yitayih

AU - Al-Eyadhy, Ayman

AU - Alam, Khurshid

AU - Alasfoor, Deena

AU - Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza

AU - Al-Raddadi, Rajaa

AU - Alsharif, Ubai

AU - Altirkawi, Khalid A.

AU - Anber, Nahla

AU - Ansari, Hossein

AU - Anwari, Palwasha

AU - Asayesh, Hamid

AU - Asgedom, Solomon Weldegebreal

AU - Atey, Tesfay Mehari

AU - Bacha, Umar

AU - Barac, Aleksandra

AU - Bedi, Neeraj

AU - Butt, Zahid A.

AU - Chitheer, Abdulaal A.

AU - Djalalinia, Shirin

AU - Do Phuc, Huyen

AU - Eshrati, Babak

AU - Farvid, Maryam S.

AU - Farzadfar, Farshad

AU - Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad

AU - Fischer, Florian

AU - Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde

AU - Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi

AU - Hamidi, Samer

AU - Higazi, Tarig B.

AU - Hsairi, Mohamed

AU - Jimenez-Corona, Aida

AU - John, Denny

AU - Jonas, Jost B.

AU - Kasaeian, Amir

AU - Saleh, Yousef

AU - Khan, Ejaz Ahmad

AU - Larson, Heidi J.

AU - Latif, Asma Abdul

AU - Lunevicius, Raimundas

AU - Magdy Abd El Razek, Hassan

AU - Magdy Abd El Razek, Mohammed

AU - Majeed, Azeem

AU - Malekzadeh, Reza

AU - McAlinden, Colm

AU - Memish, Ziad A.

AU - Miller, Ted R.

AU - Mohammadi, Seyed-Farzad

AU - Nangia, Vinay

AU - Nguyen, Cuong Tat

AU - Nguyen, Quyen Le

AU - Ogbo, Felix Akpojene

AU - Pourmalek, Farshad

AU - Qorbani, Mostafa

AU - Rafay, Anwar

AU - Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa

AU - Rai, Rajesh Kumar

AU - Rana, Saleem M.

AU - Rawaf, David Laith

AU - Rawaf, Salman

AU - Renzaho, Andre M. N.

AU - Rezaei, Satar

AU - Roshandel, Gholamreza

AU - Safdarian, Mahdi

AU - Safiri, Saeid

AU - Salamati, Payman

AU - Samy, Abdallah M.

AU - Sartorius, Benn

AU - Sepanlou, Sadaf G.

AU - Shaikh, Masood Ali

AU - Skiadaresi, Eirini

AU - Sobaih, Badr H. A.

AU - Suliankatchi Abdulkader, Rizwan

AU - Taylor, Hugh R.

AU - Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash

AU - Temsah, Mohamad-Hani

AU - Topor-Madry, Roman

AU - Tran, Bach Xuan

AU - Tsilimbaris, Miltiadis

AU - Ukwaja, Kingsley Nnanna

AU - Uthman, Olalekan A.

AU - Wakayo, Tolassa

AU - Yonemoto, Naohiro

AU - Younis, Mustafa Z.

AU - Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed

AU - Jumaan, Aisha O.

AU - Vos, Theo

AU - Hay, Simon I.

AU - Naghavi, Mohsen

AU - Murray, Christopher J. L.

AU - Mokdad, Ali H.

PY - 2018

Y1 - 2018

N2 - Objectives: To report the estimated trend in prevalence and years lived with disability (YLDs) due to vision loss (VL) in the Eastern Mediterranean region (EMR) from 1990 to 2015. Methods: The estimated trends in age-standardized prevalence and the YLDs rate due to VL in 22 EMR countries were extracted from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2015 study. The association of Socio-demographic Index (SDI) with changes in prevalence and YLDs of VL was evaluated using a multilevel mixed model. Results: The age-standardized prevalence of VL in the EMR was 18.2% in 1990 and 15.5% in 2015. The total age-standardized YLDs rate attributed to all-cause VL in EMR was 536.9 per 100,000 population in 1990 and 482.3 per 100,000 population in 2015. For each 0.1 unit increase in SDI, the age-standardized prevalence and YLDs rate of VL showed a reduction of 1.5% (p < 0.001) and 23.9 per 100,000 population (p < 0.001), respectively. Conclusions: The burden of VL is high in the EMR; however, it shows a descending trend over the past 25 years. EMR countries need to establish comprehensive eye care programs in their health care systems.

AB - Objectives: To report the estimated trend in prevalence and years lived with disability (YLDs) due to vision loss (VL) in the Eastern Mediterranean region (EMR) from 1990 to 2015. Methods: The estimated trends in age-standardized prevalence and the YLDs rate due to VL in 22 EMR countries were extracted from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2015 study. The association of Socio-demographic Index (SDI) with changes in prevalence and YLDs of VL was evaluated using a multilevel mixed model. Results: The age-standardized prevalence of VL in the EMR was 18.2% in 1990 and 15.5% in 2015. The total age-standardized YLDs rate attributed to all-cause VL in EMR was 536.9 per 100,000 population in 1990 and 482.3 per 100,000 population in 2015. For each 0.1 unit increase in SDI, the age-standardized prevalence and YLDs rate of VL showed a reduction of 1.5% (p < 0.001) and 23.9 per 100,000 population (p < 0.001), respectively. Conclusions: The burden of VL is high in the EMR; however, it shows a descending trend over the past 25 years. EMR countries need to establish comprehensive eye care programs in their health care systems.

KW - Middle East

KW - blindness

KW - vision disorders

UR - http://handle.westernsydney.edu.au:8081/1959.7/uws:43041

U2 - 10.1007/s00038-017-1000-7

DO - 10.1007/s00038-017-1000-7

M3 - Article

C2 - 28776250

SN - 1661-8564

SN - 1661-8556

VL - 63

SP - S199-S210

JO - International Journal of Public Health

JF - International Journal of Public Health

IS - Supplement 1

ER -

Burden of vision loss in the Eastern Mediterranean region, 1990–2015 : findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2015 Study

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