Conceptualising brainwashing: corporate communication in a concussion crisis

Rugby union is one of several sports that is increasingly associated with both short-term and long-term health risks related to traumatic brain injuries sustained while playing the sport. Also, in recent years, various sport governing bodies have been shown to have promoted misleading claims about injury. These issues have contributed to what is commonly referred to as a 'concussion crisis'. In 2021, World Rugby, the global governing body of the Rugby Union, released and promoted a video called 'Staying on top of your game: Rugby and brain health'. This video provides an insight into how World Rugby frames the issue of brain injury in the sport of Rugby Union in relation to brain health of players and former players. In this paper, we present an analysis of the video, guided by the principles of discourse analysis and Benoit's theory of image restoration. Our analysis critiques how rugby union is presented as positive and beneficial for brain health, with its potential to contribute towards neurodegeneration downplayed. Frames of family, inevitability of brain injury, responsibility and balance are used by World Rugby to shape thinking about brain health. Concurrently, the strategies of bolstering, as well as evasion of organisational responsibility are employed to manage the crisis. We build on discourses of washing by proposing the term brainwashing to describe the tactic of image repair employed by (sport) organisations to focus attention on positive discussions around brain health and away from negative discourses.