Environmental and sociodemographic factors associated with household malaria burden in the Congo

Nlandu Roger Ngatu; Sakiko Kanbara; Andre Renzaho; Roger Wumba; Etongola P. Mbelambela; Sifa M. J. Muchanga; Basilua Andre Muzembo; Ngombe Leon-Kabamba; Choomplang Nattadech; Tomoko Suzuki; Numbi Oscar-Luboya; Koji Wada; Mitsunori Ikeda; Sayumi Nojima; Tomohiko Sugishita; Shunya Ikeda

doi:10.1186/s12936-019-2679-0

Environmental and sociodemographic factors associated with household malaria burden in the Congo

Nlandu Roger Ngatu, Sakiko Kanbara, Andre Renzaho, Roger Wumba, Etongola P. Mbelambela, Sifa M. J. Muchanga, Basilua Andre Muzembo, Ngombe Leon-Kabamba, Choomplang Nattadech, Tomoko Suzuki, Numbi Oscar-Luboya, Koji Wada, Mitsunori Ikeda, Sayumi Nojima, Tomohiko Sugishita, Shunya Ikeda

Western Sydney University

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

23 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

Background: Malaria is one of the most severe public health issues that result in massive morbidity and mortality in most countries of the sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). This study aimed to determine the scope of household, accessibility to malaria care and factors associated with household malaria in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Methods: This was a community-based cross-sectional study conducted in an urban and a rural sites in which 152 households participated, including 82 urban and 70 rural households (1029 members in total). The 'malaria indicator questionnaire' (MIQ) was anonymously answered by household heads (respondents), reporting on malaria status of household members in the last 12 months. Results: There were 67.8% of households using insecticide-treated bed nets (ITN) only, 14.0% used indoor residual spraying (IRS) only, 7.3% used ordinary bed nets (without insecticide treatment), 1.4% used mosquito repelling cream, 2.2% combined ITN and IRS, whereas 7.3% of households did not employ any preventive measure; p < 0.01). In addition, 96.7% of households were affected by malaria (at least one malaria case), and malaria frequency per household was relatively high (mean: 4.5 ± 3.1 cases reported) in the last 12 months. The mean individual malaria care expenditure was relatively high (101.6 ± 10.6 USD) in the previous 12 months; however, the majority of households (74.5%) earned less than 50 USD monthly. In addition, of the responders who suffered from malaria, 24.1% did not have access to malaria care at a health setting. Furthermore, a multivariate analysis with adjustment for age, education level and occupation showed that household size (OR = 1.43 ± 0.13; 95% CI 1.18-1.73; p < 0.001), inappropriate water source (OR = 2.41 ± 0.18; 95% CI 1.17-2.96; p < 0.05) absence of periodic water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) intervention in residential area (OR = 1.63 ± 1.15; 95% CI 1.10-2.54; p < 0.05), and rural residence (OR = 4.52 ± 2.47; 95% CI 1.54-13.21; p < 0.01) were associated with household malaria. Conclusion: This study showed that household size, income, WASH status and rural site were malaria-associated factors. Scaling up malaria prevention through improving WASH status in the residential environment may contribute to reducing the disease burden. © 2019 The Author(s).

Original language	English
Article number	53
Number of pages	9
Journal	Malaria Journal
Volume	18
Issue number	1
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-019-2679-0
Publication status	Published - 2019

Open Access - Access Right Statement

© The Author(s) 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

Keywords

Congo (Democratic Republic)
control
families
health and hygiene
income
malaria
mosquitoes
sanitation

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

Access to Document

10.1186/s12936-019-2679-0

Cite this

Ngatu, N. R., Kanbara, S., Renzaho, A., Wumba, R., Mbelambela, E. P., Muchanga, S. M. J., Muzembo, B. A., Leon-Kabamba, N., Nattadech, C., Suzuki, T., Oscar-Luboya, N., Wada, K., Ikeda, M., Nojima, S., Sugishita, T., & Ikeda, S. (2019). Environmental and sociodemographic factors associated with household malaria burden in the Congo. Malaria Journal, 18(1), Article 53. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-019-2679-0

@article{8d73b736b7794007b85b8b3fc3bb9486,

title = "Environmental and sociodemographic factors associated with household malaria burden in the Congo",

abstract = "Background: Malaria is one of the most severe public health issues that result in massive morbidity and mortality in most countries of the sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). This study aimed to determine the scope of household, accessibility to malaria care and factors associated with household malaria in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Methods: This was a community-based cross-sectional study conducted in an urban and a rural sites in which 152 households participated, including 82 urban and 70 rural households (1029 members in total). The 'malaria indicator questionnaire' (MIQ) was anonymously answered by household heads (respondents), reporting on malaria status of household members in the last 12 months. Results: There were 67.8% of households using insecticide-treated bed nets (ITN) only, 14.0% used indoor residual spraying (IRS) only, 7.3% used ordinary bed nets (without insecticide treatment), 1.4% used mosquito repelling cream, 2.2% combined ITN and IRS, whereas 7.3% of households did not employ any preventive measure; p < 0.01). In addition, 96.7% of households were affected by malaria (at least one malaria case), and malaria frequency per household was relatively high (mean: 4.5 ± 3.1 cases reported) in the last 12 months. The mean individual malaria care expenditure was relatively high (101.6 ± 10.6 USD) in the previous 12 months; however, the majority of households (74.5%) earned less than 50 USD monthly. In addition, of the responders who suffered from malaria, 24.1% did not have access to malaria care at a health setting. Furthermore, a multivariate analysis with adjustment for age, education level and occupation showed that household size (OR = 1.43 ± 0.13; 95% CI 1.18-1.73; p < 0.001), inappropriate water source (OR = 2.41 ± 0.18; 95% CI 1.17-2.96; p < 0.05) absence of periodic water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) intervention in residential area (OR = 1.63 ± 1.15; 95% CI 1.10-2.54; p < 0.05), and rural residence (OR = 4.52 ± 2.47; 95% CI 1.54-13.21; p < 0.01) were associated with household malaria. Conclusion: This study showed that household size, income, WASH status and rural site were malaria-associated factors. Scaling up malaria prevention through improving WASH status in the residential environment may contribute to reducing the disease burden. {\textcopyright} 2019 The Author(s).",

keywords = "Congo (Democratic Republic), control, families, health and hygiene, income, malaria, mosquitoes, sanitation",

author = "Ngatu, {Nlandu Roger} and Sakiko Kanbara and Andre Renzaho and Roger Wumba and Mbelambela, {Etongola P.} and Muchanga, {Sifa M. J.} and Muzembo, {Basilua Andre} and Ngombe Leon-Kabamba and Choomplang Nattadech and Tomoko Suzuki and Numbi Oscar-Luboya and Koji Wada and Mitsunori Ikeda and Sayumi Nojima and Tomohiko Sugishita and Shunya Ikeda",

year = "2019",

doi = "10.1186/s12936-019-2679-0",

language = "English",

volume = "18",

journal = "Malaria Journal",

issn = "1475-2875",

publisher = "BioMed Central Ltd.",

number = "1",

}

Ngatu, NR, Kanbara, S, Renzaho, A, Wumba, R, Mbelambela, EP, Muchanga, SMJ, Muzembo, BA, Leon-Kabamba, N, Nattadech, C, Suzuki, T, Oscar-Luboya, N, Wada, K, Ikeda, M, Nojima, S, Sugishita, T & Ikeda, S 2019, 'Environmental and sociodemographic factors associated with household malaria burden in the Congo', Malaria Journal, vol. 18, no. 1, 53. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-019-2679-0

TY - JOUR

T1 - Environmental and sociodemographic factors associated with household malaria burden in the Congo

AU - Ngatu, Nlandu Roger

AU - Kanbara, Sakiko

AU - Renzaho, Andre

AU - Wumba, Roger

AU - Mbelambela, Etongola P.

AU - Muchanga, Sifa M. J.

AU - Muzembo, Basilua Andre

AU - Leon-Kabamba, Ngombe

AU - Nattadech, Choomplang

AU - Suzuki, Tomoko

AU - Oscar-Luboya, Numbi

AU - Wada, Koji

AU - Ikeda, Mitsunori

AU - Nojima, Sayumi

AU - Sugishita, Tomohiko

AU - Ikeda, Shunya

PY - 2019

Y1 - 2019

N2 - Background: Malaria is one of the most severe public health issues that result in massive morbidity and mortality in most countries of the sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). This study aimed to determine the scope of household, accessibility to malaria care and factors associated with household malaria in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Methods: This was a community-based cross-sectional study conducted in an urban and a rural sites in which 152 households participated, including 82 urban and 70 rural households (1029 members in total). The 'malaria indicator questionnaire' (MIQ) was anonymously answered by household heads (respondents), reporting on malaria status of household members in the last 12 months. Results: There were 67.8% of households using insecticide-treated bed nets (ITN) only, 14.0% used indoor residual spraying (IRS) only, 7.3% used ordinary bed nets (without insecticide treatment), 1.4% used mosquito repelling cream, 2.2% combined ITN and IRS, whereas 7.3% of households did not employ any preventive measure; p < 0.01). In addition, 96.7% of households were affected by malaria (at least one malaria case), and malaria frequency per household was relatively high (mean: 4.5 ± 3.1 cases reported) in the last 12 months. The mean individual malaria care expenditure was relatively high (101.6 ± 10.6 USD) in the previous 12 months; however, the majority of households (74.5%) earned less than 50 USD monthly. In addition, of the responders who suffered from malaria, 24.1% did not have access to malaria care at a health setting. Furthermore, a multivariate analysis with adjustment for age, education level and occupation showed that household size (OR = 1.43 ± 0.13; 95% CI 1.18-1.73; p < 0.001), inappropriate water source (OR = 2.41 ± 0.18; 95% CI 1.17-2.96; p < 0.05) absence of periodic water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) intervention in residential area (OR = 1.63 ± 1.15; 95% CI 1.10-2.54; p < 0.05), and rural residence (OR = 4.52 ± 2.47; 95% CI 1.54-13.21; p < 0.01) were associated with household malaria. Conclusion: This study showed that household size, income, WASH status and rural site were malaria-associated factors. Scaling up malaria prevention through improving WASH status in the residential environment may contribute to reducing the disease burden. © 2019 The Author(s).

AB - Background: Malaria is one of the most severe public health issues that result in massive morbidity and mortality in most countries of the sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). This study aimed to determine the scope of household, accessibility to malaria care and factors associated with household malaria in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Methods: This was a community-based cross-sectional study conducted in an urban and a rural sites in which 152 households participated, including 82 urban and 70 rural households (1029 members in total). The 'malaria indicator questionnaire' (MIQ) was anonymously answered by household heads (respondents), reporting on malaria status of household members in the last 12 months. Results: There were 67.8% of households using insecticide-treated bed nets (ITN) only, 14.0% used indoor residual spraying (IRS) only, 7.3% used ordinary bed nets (without insecticide treatment), 1.4% used mosquito repelling cream, 2.2% combined ITN and IRS, whereas 7.3% of households did not employ any preventive measure; p < 0.01). In addition, 96.7% of households were affected by malaria (at least one malaria case), and malaria frequency per household was relatively high (mean: 4.5 ± 3.1 cases reported) in the last 12 months. The mean individual malaria care expenditure was relatively high (101.6 ± 10.6 USD) in the previous 12 months; however, the majority of households (74.5%) earned less than 50 USD monthly. In addition, of the responders who suffered from malaria, 24.1% did not have access to malaria care at a health setting. Furthermore, a multivariate analysis with adjustment for age, education level and occupation showed that household size (OR = 1.43 ± 0.13; 95% CI 1.18-1.73; p < 0.001), inappropriate water source (OR = 2.41 ± 0.18; 95% CI 1.17-2.96; p < 0.05) absence of periodic water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) intervention in residential area (OR = 1.63 ± 1.15; 95% CI 1.10-2.54; p < 0.05), and rural residence (OR = 4.52 ± 2.47; 95% CI 1.54-13.21; p < 0.01) were associated with household malaria. Conclusion: This study showed that household size, income, WASH status and rural site were malaria-associated factors. Scaling up malaria prevention through improving WASH status in the residential environment may contribute to reducing the disease burden. © 2019 The Author(s).

KW - Congo (Democratic Republic)

KW - control

KW - families

KW - health and hygiene

KW - income

KW - malaria

KW - mosquitoes

KW - sanitation

UR - http://handle.westernsydney.edu.au:8081/1959.7/uws:51614

U2 - 10.1186/s12936-019-2679-0

DO - 10.1186/s12936-019-2679-0

M3 - Article

SN - 1475-2875

VL - 18

JO - Malaria Journal

JF - Malaria Journal

IS - 1

M1 - 53

ER -

Environmental and sociodemographic factors associated with household malaria burden in the Congo

Abstract

Open Access - Access Right Statement

Keywords

UN SDGs

Access to Document

Other files and links

Fingerprint

Cite this