Estimating embodied carbon : a dual currency approach

Embodied Carbon (EC) estimating is a growing area of research. EC estimating is evolving since the recent past, thus, undergoing several criticisms. On the other hand, there is a lack of interest among industry practitioners on EC estimating and reporting. However, EC estimating is crucial in a world of swiftly changing climate and visible adverse consequences. Therefore, this paper covers important aspects of EC estimating and explains various sources and methods of estimating, ranging from complex to simple methods of estimating. EC estimating is further explained by case studies of seven office buildings. Further, problems like lack of a standard method of measurement, lack of a robust database/benchmark for EC, lack of EC data for modern products and lack of EC data for sophisticated services are discussed. More importantly, the paper introduces dual currency appraisal of construction projects in which EC estimating plays a crucial role.