Exploitation and rejuvenation of River Ganges : polices, institutions and governance

The river Ganges (or Ganga as it is well known in the Indian sub-continent) has forged significant economic, social, environmental, religious, political and cultural values in India for several thousand years. However, over the years, rapid population growth, improved standards of living and exponential growth of industrialisation and urbanisation within the basin has subjected the river to various forms of degradation. This ultimately has limited the opportunity to access clean and safe water by the populace who rely on the Ganges. Records indicate that since 1979 the Government of India has taken numerous steps to rejuvenate this river. However, nurturing the Ganges back to life and creating a safe and sustainable ecosystem in the river basin area has so far been a seemingly daunting task. In order to achieve a viable solution to the problem, clear understanding of the socio-political, economic, environmental, technological and institutional aspects of this mighty river at the micro levels is vital. This paper discusses the current understanding on the state of Ganges in terms of its pollution and degradation and relevant management interventions that have been undertaken to improve its condition during the last three decades.