Factors influencing racial discrimination and prevalence of major depressive disorder among black Canadian youths

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a complex and multifaceted mental health condition with far-reaching implications for youth well-being and society. This paper examined the prevalence of depressive symptoms consistent with probable MDD and their association with self-reported experiences of racial discrimination within the Black youth population in Canada. This study used a descriptive cross-sectional design. Questionnaires were administered via an anonymous online survey. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), a self-report screening tool, with scores ≥ 10 indicating symptoms consistent with probable MDD rather than a clinical diagnosis. Experiences of discrimination were measured using self-reported items adapted from previously validated discrimination instruments. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and multivariable logistic regression(p ≤ 0.05). A total of 933 Black youth participated in this survey. Black youth who reported unfair treatment due to their skin colour or race were 18 times more likely to express MDD than those who had not (OR: 18.38; 95% CI: 2.796–7.17). Similar associations were observed for self-reported discrimination based on language accent (OR = 4.40; 95% CI: 1.01–19.24) and culture (OR = 12.29; 95% CI: 1.47–12.53). Black youth who have been treated unfairly due to their culture were 12 times more likely to experience MDD than those who had not (OR: 12.29; 95% CI: 1.473–12.530). This study demonstrates a significant association between perceived unfair treatment and depressive symptoms (consistent with probable MDD) among Black Canadian youth. The findings suggest that racial, linguistic, and cultural discrimination are associated with poorer mental health outcomes in this group. Culturally sensitive interventions and policies that promote inclusivity and equity can help Black youth with MDD.