Fig-fig wasp mutualism : the fall of the strict cospeciation paradigm?

At least three classic systems of nursery pollination mutualism are known: the fig (Ficus, Moraceae) - agaonid (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea) association (Cook and Rasplus 2003), the Yucca, Hesperoyucca; Agavaceae) -yucca moths (Tegeticula, Parategeticula; Lepidoptera, Prodoxidae) association (Pellmyr 2003) and the Glodichion (Phyllanthaceae)" Epicephala moths (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae) association (Kato et al. 2003). All these mutualism are obligate, which means that each partner depends on the other for its own reproductive success. The insect pollinates the flowers and oviposits in the plant ovaries where the insect larvae subsequently feed on a subset of the developing seeds. A shift from mutualism to parasitism by the pollinating insect would lead to reproduction failure of the plant and, without host shift, to the extinction of both lineages. Therefore, the speciation of mutualistic pollinators is generally believed to be driven by the speciation of their host-plants. In this hypothesis, when an ancestral plant species splits into two daughter species, its mutualistic pollinator also splits. This scenario should result in perfect congruence of hosts and pollinator phylogenies (Farenholz's rule) (Farenholz 1913). However, this seems increasingly unlikely. Indeed, more and more studies on different coevolved associations show that a strict Farenholz's rule is not respected, even when a high level of host specificity exists (e.g. Paterson and Banks 2001); Desdevises et al. 2002; Charleston and Perkins 2006).