Free and esterified oxysterol: Formation during copper-oxidation of low density lipoprotein and uptake by macrophages

We have defined the lipid composition of copper-oxidized LDL (Cu-oxLDL) and a macrophage-foam cell model generated by the uptake of this modified lipoprotein. An HPLC method previously developed by our group for the measurement of lipid oxidation products of LDL was extended to permit the analysis of an array of 7-ketocholesteryl esters. Gas chromatography was used for the quantitation of oxysterols (free and esterified) in Cu-oxLDL and their subsequent uptake by macrophages. LDL (1.0 mg protein/ml) was oxidized using Cu(II) (20 μM) for up to 48 h at 37°C. Resident mouse peritoneal macrophages were incubated with 24 h Cu-oxLDL (50 μg/ml) for 24 h. In 24 h Cu-oxLDL, cholesterol comprised approximately 50% of total sterols, 7- ketocholesterol comprised approximately 30%, with five other oxysterols comprising the remainder (7α- and 7β-hydroxycholesterol, cholesterol α- and β-epoxides, and 6β-hydroxycholesterol). Macrophages that were incubated with 24 h Cu-oxLDL displayed a profile of oxysterols remarkably similar to that of 24 h Cu-oxLDL itself. The majority of cholesteryl esters and 7- ketocholesteryl esters in Cu-oxLDL and in Cu-oxLDL-loaded macrophages contained fatty acyl chains which are presumed oxidized. This work represents a comprehensive survey of free and esterified oxysterols in Cu-oxLDL and Cu- oxLDL-loaded macrophages and provides a basis for exploring how oxysterols are metabolized by macrophages and authentic human foam cells, and how, in turn, these oxysterols influence cellular metabolism.