Increasing air-filled vessels has little influence on vulnerability to drought-induced embolism in two species with long maximum xylem vessel length but low vessel connectivity

Perennial woody plants accumulate native xylem embolisms over time. However, whether this makes the water transport system more vulnerable to drought-induced dysfunction as the percentage of gas-filled vessels increases is unclear. We tested whether increasing the proportion of open (air-filled) vessels changes the overall embolism vulnerability in stems of angiosperm species with long maximum vessel lengths but relatively low vessel connectivity. Using optical vulnerability curves, we measured xylem vulnerability of 57 branches ranging in length from ∼10 to over 300 cm, from two adult trees (Acacia mearnsii De Wild. and Eucalyptus globulus Labill.) known to have long maximum vessel length (>75 cm) but low vessel connectivity. The fraction of open vessels at different branch lengths was estimated by staining open vessels under suction and with X-ray micro-computed tomography (μCT). To relate this to native field conditions, the percentage of pre-existing native embolisms was measured with μCT on a different set of branches. Our results show that even when a large proportion (> 25%) of open (air-filled) vessels are present, the xylem-embolism thresholds (water potential at 12% (P12), 50% (P50) and 88% (P88) embolized xylem area) resemble those of branches with no open vessels. Scanning of native embolism with μCT revealed 10% (E. globulus) and 20% (A. mearnsii) native embolism under natural conditions. We conclude that even when approximately one-quarter of vessels are air-filled, there is no discernable effect on the overall xylem vulnerability of stem segments with long vessels and low vessel connectivity. Xylem vulnerability to embolism among all the branches measured from each of the two trees was relatively homogeneous with a ∼10-20% variation. Our findings also suggest that the presence of pre-existing native embolisms, at the percentages observed in the field (<25%), would not increase vulnerability to xylem embolism in these species with largely isolated individual xylem vessels.