Inequality and exclusion in post-Soeharto Indonesia

This chapter has reviewed the long-term trend of economic inequality in Indonesia and looked more closely at inequality and exclusion since the country embarked on democratization around two decades ago. In the realm of economic inequality, it has to be noted that, there are at least three forms of inequality: consumption, income and wealth. While consumption tends to produce the most conservative figure of economic inequality, inequalities based on income and wealth will produce higher figures respectively. The long-term economic inequality data in Indonesia are based on household expenditure inequality and the Gini index is the most widely used measure.