Managing embodied carbon in buildings : a Pareto approach

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to identify the carbon intensive building elements or "carbon hotspots" of office buildings in order to maximise the carbon reduction potential during design stages. Design/methodology/approach: Embodied carbon (EC) estimates of 28 office buildings in the UK were obtained and carbon hotspots of the sample (in accordance with the new rules of measurement (NRM) element classification) were identified using the 80:20 Pareto principle. Findings: Frame, substructure, external walls, services and upper floors were identified as carbon hotspots of the selected sample. However, findings do not support the 80:20 ratio in this case but propose a ratio of 80:36. Stairs, internal walls and partitions, internal doors, wall finishes, ceiling finishes and fittings and furnishings were identified as carbon insignificant elements that have a lower EC reduction potential compared to the rest. Research limitations/implications: The findings are applicable to office buildings in the UK but the methodology is adaptable to different types of buildings in other countries. Originality/value: Findings unveil carbon intensive and carbon insignificant building elements of typical office buildings in the UK. This informs designers of the elements that could yield the highest potential EC savings via effective design choices. In addition, a logical design timeline is proposed for building elements based on their element hotspot category and design sequence to assist design decision making.