Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes as a bioinspired nanoscale tool toward next-generation cell-free treatment

Background: Mesenchymal stem cells derived exosomes (MSCs-exosomes) with intrinsic dominance bioinspired nanoscale tools to produce efficient biological compounds based on nanotechnology and biotechnology combinations for clinical use. Main text: MSCs-exosomes with the vesicular bilayer structure are enriched with many proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids that modulate a wide range of biological phenomena and provide various substances for incorporation. Novel modification approaches look viable to assess their target site delivery, intracellular communications, and half-life. Various endeavors have been made to develop efficient production, purification, and functionalization techniques as a straightforward avenue to achieve effective targeted delivery. Moreover, the progress of standard analytical tools could bring exosome products from the bench to the bedside. Furthermore, MSCs-exosomes are expected to be the next generation of cell-free treatments applied to most human pathologic conditions. Conclusion: MSCs-exosomes encompass parental cells’ crucial paracrine functions instead of using cells as therapeutic agents. This review mentioned all aspects of MSCs-exosomes isolation, encapsulation, modification strategies, regulations, and the recent research progress in various diseases of MSC-exosomes.