TY - JOUR
T1 - Microbial ecology of harvested rainwater
T2 - Assessing quality, antimicrobial resistance and geographical variation
AU - Anindita, Monisha
AU - Rahman, Ataur
AU - Alim, Mohammad A.
AU - Xiong, Chao
AU - Hossain, Sadia
AU - Sathasivan, Arumugam
PY - 2025/1
Y1 - 2025/1
N2 - Roof-harvested rainwater (RHRW) has the potential to host human pathogens that can pose significant health risks. This review provides a comprehensive examination of microbial contaminants in RHRW, with a focus on antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria. Drawing on an extensive analysis of global studies, it identifies the prevalence of Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp., and Legionella in RHRW, while highlighting contamination sources and geographical variations. Key findings reveal that while trace metal concentrations are generally below health limit guidelines, microbial contamination remains a concern, particularly in urban and industrial areas. Significant antibiotic resistance levels, including resistance to ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, and tetracycline, have been reported, notably in urban environments. Instances of widespread antibiotic E.coli have been reported in South Africa, while another study highlighted AMR in RHRW in India, attributing resistance to over-the-counter antibiotic misuse. Additionally, rainwater contamination from pigeon faeces has been noted in urban areas, contributing to the spread of resistant E.coli. This highlights the urgency for tailored treatment strategies. This review emphasises the need for region-specific interventions and heightened public awareness to mitigate health risks associated with untreated RHRW. By integrating diverse methodological approaches, it provides a holistic understanding of the potential health implications of untreated RHRW consumption, advocating for stringent policies and collaborative efforts to improve water quality and protect public health. These insights aim to inform future research and policy-making, ensuring the safety and sustainability of RHRW as a vital drinking water source for millions of people worldwide.
AB - Roof-harvested rainwater (RHRW) has the potential to host human pathogens that can pose significant health risks. This review provides a comprehensive examination of microbial contaminants in RHRW, with a focus on antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria. Drawing on an extensive analysis of global studies, it identifies the prevalence of Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp., and Legionella in RHRW, while highlighting contamination sources and geographical variations. Key findings reveal that while trace metal concentrations are generally below health limit guidelines, microbial contamination remains a concern, particularly in urban and industrial areas. Significant antibiotic resistance levels, including resistance to ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, and tetracycline, have been reported, notably in urban environments. Instances of widespread antibiotic E.coli have been reported in South Africa, while another study highlighted AMR in RHRW in India, attributing resistance to over-the-counter antibiotic misuse. Additionally, rainwater contamination from pigeon faeces has been noted in urban areas, contributing to the spread of resistant E.coli. This highlights the urgency for tailored treatment strategies. This review emphasises the need for region-specific interventions and heightened public awareness to mitigate health risks associated with untreated RHRW. By integrating diverse methodological approaches, it provides a holistic understanding of the potential health implications of untreated RHRW consumption, advocating for stringent policies and collaborative efforts to improve water quality and protect public health. These insights aim to inform future research and policy-making, ensuring the safety and sustainability of RHRW as a vital drinking water source for millions of people worldwide.
KW - Antimicrobial resistance
KW - Drinking water
KW - E. Coli
KW - Pathogen
KW - Rainwater harvesting
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85213277726&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.144439
DO - 10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.144439
M3 - Review article
AN - SCOPUS:85213277726
SN - 0959-6526
VL - 486
JO - Journal of Cleaner Production
JF - Journal of Cleaner Production
M1 - 144439
ER -