Multiwavelength observations of the blazar PKS 0735+178 in spatial and temporal coincidence with an astrophysical neutrino candidate IceCube-211208A

A. Acharyya; C. B. Adams; A. Archer; P. Bangale; J. T. Bartkoske; P. Batista; W. Benbow; A. Brill; J. H. Buckley; J. L. Christiansen; A. J. Chromey; M. Errando; A. Falcone; Q. Feng; G. M. Foote; L. Fortson; A. Furniss; G. Gallagher; W. Hanlon; D. Hanna; O. Hervet; C. E. Hinrichs; J. Hoang; J. Holder; T. B. Humensky; W. Jin; P. Kaaret; M. Kertzman; M. Kherlakian; D. Kieda; T. K. Kleiner; N. Korzoun; S. Kumar; M. J. Lang; M. Lundy; G. Maier; C. E. McGrath; M. J. Millard; J. Millis; C. L. Mooney; P. Moriarty; R. Mukherjee; S. O'Brien; R. A. Ong; M. Pohl; E. Pueschel; J. Quinn; K. Ragan; P. T. Reynolds; D. Ribeiro; E. Roache; I. Sadeh; A. C. Sadun; L. Saha; M. Santander; G. H. Sembroski; R. Shang; M. Splettstoesser; A. Kaushik Talluri; J. V. Tucci; V. V. Vassiliev; A. Weinstein; D. A. Williams; S. L. Wong; J. Woo; F. Aharonian; J. Aschersleben; M. Backes; V. Barbosa Martins; R. Batzofin; Y. Becherini; D. Berge; K. Bernlöhr; B. Bi; M. Böttcher; C. Boisson; J. Bolmont; M. De Bony De Lavergne; J. Borowska; M. Bouyahiaoui; F. Bradascio; M. Breuhaus; R. Brose; F. Brun; B. Bruno; T. Bulik; C. Burger-Scheidlin; S. Caroff; S. Casanova; R. Cecil; J. Celic; M. Cerruti; T. Chand; S. Chandra; A. Chen; J. Chibueze; O. Chibueze; G. Cotter; S. Dai; J. Damascene Mbarubucyeye; A. Djannati-Ataï; A. Dmytriiev; V. Doroshenko; S. Einecke; J. P. Ernenwein; G. Fichet De Clairfontaine; M. Filipovic; G. Fontaine; M. Füßling; S. Funk; S. Gabici; S. Ghafourizadeh; G. Giavitto; D. Glawion; J. F. Glicenstein; P. Goswami; G. Grolleron; L. Haerer; J. A. Hinton; T. L. Holch; M. Holler; D. Horns; M. Jamrozy; F. Jankowsky; V. Joshi; I. Jung-Richardt; E. Kasai; K. Katarzyński; R. Khatoon; B. Khélifi; S. Klepser; W. Kluźniak; K. Kosack; D. Kostunin; R. G. Lang; S. Le Stum; A. Lemière; J. P. Lenain; F. Leuschner; T. Lohse; A. Luashvili; I. Lypova; J. Mackey; D. Malyshev; V. Marandon; P. Marchegiani; A. Marcowith; G. Martí-Devesa; R. Marx; A. Mitchell; R. Moderski; L. Mohrmann; A. Montanari; E. Moulin; T. Murach; K. Nakashima; J. Niemiec; A. Priyana Noel; P. O'Brien; L. Olivera-Nieto; E. De Ona Wilhelmi; M. Ostrowski; S. Panny; M. Panter; G. Peron; D. A. Prokhorov; G. Pühlhofer; M. Punch; A. Quirrenbach; P. Reichherzer; A. Reimer; O. Reimer; H. Ren; M. Renaud; F. Rieger; B. Rudak; E. Ruiz-Velasco; V. Sahakian; A. Santangelo; M. Sasaki; J. Schäfer; F. Schüssler; H. M. Schutte; U. Schwanke; J. N.S. Shapopi; A. Specovius; S. Spencer; L. Stawarz; R. Steenkamp; S. Steinmassl; I. Sushch; H. Suzuki; T. Takahashi; T. Tanaka; R. Terrier; C. Van Eldik; M. Vecchi; J. Veh; C. Venter; J. Vink; R. White; A. Wierzcholska; Yu Wun Wong; M. Zacharias; D. Zargaryan; A. A. Zdziarski; A. Zech; S. Zouari; N. Zywucka; K. Mori

doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ace327

Multiwavelength observations of the blazar PKS 0735+178 in spatial and temporal coincidence with an astrophysical neutrino candidate IceCube-211208A

A. Acharyya, C. B. Adams, A. Archer, P. Bangale, J. T. Bartkoske, P. Batista, W. Benbow, A. Brill, J. H. Buckley, J. L. Christiansen, A. J. Chromey, M. Errando, A. Falcone, Q. Feng, G. M. Foote, L. Fortson, A. Furniss, G. Gallagher, W. Hanlon, D. HannaO. Hervet, C. E. Hinrichs, J. Hoang, J. Holder, T. B. Humensky, W. Jin, P. Kaaret, M. Kertzman, M. Kherlakian, D. Kieda, T. K. Kleiner, N. Korzoun, S. Kumar, M. J. Lang, M. Lundy, G. Maier, C. E. McGrath, M. J. Millard, J. Millis, C. L. Mooney, P. Moriarty, R. Mukherjee, S. O'Brien, R. A. Ong, M. Pohl, E. Pueschel, J. Quinn, K. Ragan, P. T. Reynolds, D. Ribeiro, E. Roache, I. Sadeh, A. C. Sadun, L. Saha, M. Santander, G. H. Sembroski, R. Shang, M. Splettstoesser, A. Kaushik Talluri, J. V. Tucci, V. V. Vassiliev, A. Weinstein, D. A. Williams, S. L. Wong, J. Woo, F. Aharonian, J. Aschersleben, M. Backes, V. Barbosa Martins, R. Batzofin, Y. Becherini, D. Berge, K. Bernlöhr, B. Bi, M. Böttcher, C. Boisson, J. Bolmont, M. De Bony De Lavergne, J. Borowska, M. Bouyahiaoui, F. Bradascio, M. Breuhaus, R. Brose, F. Brun, B. Bruno, T. Bulik, C. Burger-Scheidlin, S. Caroff, S. Casanova, R. Cecil, J. Celic, M. Cerruti, T. Chand, S. Chandra, A. Chen, J. Chibueze, O. Chibueze, G. Cotter, S. Dai, J. Damascene Mbarubucyeye, A. Djannati-Ataï, A. Dmytriiev, V. Doroshenko, S. Einecke, J. P. Ernenwein, G. Fichet De Clairfontaine, M. Filipovic, G. Fontaine, M. Füßling, S. Funk, S. Gabici, S. Ghafourizadeh, G. Giavitto, D. Glawion, J. F. Glicenstein, P. Goswami, G. Grolleron, L. Haerer, J. A. Hinton, T. L. Holch, M. Holler, D. Horns, M. Jamrozy, F. Jankowsky, V. Joshi, I. Jung-Richardt, E. Kasai, K. Katarzyński, R. Khatoon, B. Khélifi, S. Klepser, W. Kluźniak, K. Kosack, D. Kostunin, R. G. Lang, S. Le Stum, A. Lemière, J. P. Lenain, F. Leuschner, T. Lohse, A. Luashvili, I. Lypova, J. Mackey, D. Malyshev, V. Marandon, P. Marchegiani, A. Marcowith, G. Martí-Devesa, R. Marx, A. Mitchell, R. Moderski, L. Mohrmann, A. Montanari, E. Moulin, T. Murach, K. Nakashima, J. Niemiec, A. Priyana Noel, P. O'Brien, L. Olivera-Nieto, E. De Ona Wilhelmi, M. Ostrowski, S. Panny, M. Panter, G. Peron, D. A. Prokhorov, G. Pühlhofer, M. Punch, A. Quirrenbach, P. Reichherzer, A. Reimer, O. Reimer, H. Ren, M. Renaud, F. Rieger, B. Rudak, E. Ruiz-Velasco, V. Sahakian, A. Santangelo, M. Sasaki, J. Schäfer, F. Schüssler, H. M. Schutte, U. Schwanke, J. N.S. Shapopi, A. Specovius, S. Spencer, L. Stawarz, R. Steenkamp, S. Steinmassl, I. Sushch, H. Suzuki, T. Takahashi, T. Tanaka, R. Terrier, C. Van Eldik, M. Vecchi, J. Veh, C. Venter, J. Vink, R. White, A. Wierzcholska, Yu Wun Wong, M. Zacharias, D. Zargaryan, A. A. Zdziarski, A. Zech, S. Zouari, N. Zywucka, K. Mori

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Abstract

We report on multiwavelength target-of-opportunity observations of the blazar PKS 0735+178, located 2.Â°2 away from the best-fit position of the IceCube neutrino event IceCube-211208A detected on 2021 December 8. The source was in a high-flux state in the optical, ultraviolet, X-ray, and GeV 3-ray bands around the time of the neutrino event, exhibiting daily variability in the soft X-ray flux. The X-ray data from Swift-XRT and NuSTAR characterize the transition between the low-energy and high-energy components of the broadband spectral energy distribution (SED), and the 3-ray data from Fermi-LAT, VERITAS, and H.E.S.S. require a spectral cutoff near 100 GeV. Both the X-ray and 3-ray measurements provide strong constraints on the leptonic and hadronic models. We analytically explore a synchrotron self-Compton model, an external Compton model, and a lepto-hadronic model. Models that are entirely based on internal photon fields face serious difficulties in matching the observed SED. The existence of an external photon field in the source would instead explain the observed 3-ray spectral cutoff in both the leptonic and lepto-hadronic models and allow a proton jet power that marginally agrees with the Eddington limit in the lepto-hadronic model. We show a numerical lepto-hadronic model with external target photons that reproduces the observed SED and is reasonably consistent with the neutrino event despite requiring a high jet power.

Original language	English
Article number	70
Number of pages	14
Journal	Astrophysical Journal
Volume	954
Issue number	1
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ace327
Publication status	Published - 23 Aug 2023

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10.3847/1538-4357/ace327Licence: CC BY

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Acharyya, A., Adams, C. B., Archer, A., Bangale, P., Bartkoske, J. T., Batista, P., Benbow, W., Brill, A., Buckley, J. H., Christiansen, J. L., Chromey, A. J., Errando, M., Falcone, A., Feng, Q., Foote, G. M., Fortson, L., Furniss, A., Gallagher, G., Hanlon, W., ... Mori, K. (2023). Multiwavelength observations of the blazar PKS 0735+178 in spatial and temporal coincidence with an astrophysical neutrino candidate IceCube-211208A. Astrophysical Journal, 954(1), Article 70. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ace327

@article{76ca7a74ec8c4a12995fa35f0d0e8b52,

title = "Multiwavelength observations of the blazar PKS 0735+178 in spatial and temporal coincidence with an astrophysical neutrino candidate IceCube-211208A",

abstract = "We report on multiwavelength target-of-opportunity observations of the blazar PKS 0735+178, located 2.{\^A}°2 away from the best-fit position of the IceCube neutrino event IceCube-211208A detected on 2021 December 8. The source was in a high-flux state in the optical, ultraviolet, X-ray, and GeV 3-ray bands around the time of the neutrino event, exhibiting daily variability in the soft X-ray flux. The X-ray data from Swift-XRT and NuSTAR characterize the transition between the low-energy and high-energy components of the broadband spectral energy distribution (SED), and the 3-ray data from Fermi-LAT, VERITAS, and H.E.S.S. require a spectral cutoff near 100 GeV. Both the X-ray and 3-ray measurements provide strong constraints on the leptonic and hadronic models. We analytically explore a synchrotron self-Compton model, an external Compton model, and a lepto-hadronic model. Models that are entirely based on internal photon fields face serious difficulties in matching the observed SED. The existence of an external photon field in the source would instead explain the observed 3-ray spectral cutoff in both the leptonic and lepto-hadronic models and allow a proton jet power that marginally agrees with the Eddington limit in the lepto-hadronic model. We show a numerical lepto-hadronic model with external target photons that reproduces the observed SED and is reasonably consistent with the neutrino event despite requiring a high jet power.",

author = "A. Acharyya and Adams, {C. B.} and A. Archer and P. Bangale and Bartkoske, {J. T.} and P. Batista and W. Benbow and A. Brill and Buckley, {J. H.} and Christiansen, {J. L.} and Chromey, {A. J.} and M. Errando and A. Falcone and Q. Feng and Foote, {G. M.} and L. Fortson and A. Furniss and G. Gallagher and W. Hanlon and D. Hanna and O. Hervet and Hinrichs, {C. E.} and J. Hoang and J. Holder and Humensky, {T. B.} and W. Jin and P. Kaaret and M. Kertzman and M. Kherlakian and D. Kieda and Kleiner, {T. K.} and N. Korzoun and S. Kumar and Lang, {M. J.} and M. Lundy and G. Maier and McGrath, {C. E.} and Millard, {M. J.} and J. Millis and Mooney, {C. L.} and P. Moriarty and R. Mukherjee and S. O'Brien and Ong, {R. A.} and M. Pohl and E. Pueschel and J. Quinn and K. Ragan and Reynolds, {P. T.} and D. Ribeiro and E. Roache and I. Sadeh and Sadun, {A. C.} and L. Saha and M. Santander and Sembroski, {G. H.} and R. Shang and M. Splettstoesser and Talluri, {A. Kaushik} and Tucci, {J. V.} and Vassiliev, {V. V.} and A. Weinstein and Williams, {D. A.} and Wong, {S. L.} and J. Woo and F. Aharonian and J. Aschersleben and M. Backes and Martins, {V. Barbosa} and R. Batzofin and Y. Becherini and D. Berge and K. Bernl{\"o}hr and B. Bi and M. B{\"o}ttcher and C. Boisson and J. Bolmont and {De Bony De Lavergne}, M. and J. Borowska and M. Bouyahiaoui and F. Bradascio and M. Breuhaus and R. Brose and F. Brun and B. Bruno and T. Bulik and C. Burger-Scheidlin and S. Caroff and S. Casanova and R. Cecil and J. Celic and M. Cerruti and T. Chand and S. Chandra and A. Chen and J. Chibueze and O. Chibueze and G. Cotter and S. Dai and Mbarubucyeye, {J. Damascene} and A. Djannati-Ata{\"i} and A. Dmytriiev and V. Doroshenko and S. Einecke and Ernenwein, {J. P.} and {De Clairfontaine}, {G. Fichet} and M. Filipovic and G. Fontaine and M. F{\"u}{\ss}ling and S. Funk and S. Gabici and S. Ghafourizadeh and G. Giavitto and D. Glawion and Glicenstein, {J. F.} and P. Goswami and G. Grolleron and L. Haerer and Hinton, {J. A.} and Holch, {T. L.} and M. Holler and D. Horns and M. Jamrozy and F. Jankowsky and V. Joshi and I. Jung-Richardt and E. Kasai and K. Katarzy{\'n}ski and R. Khatoon and B. Kh{\'e}lifi and S. Klepser and W. Klu{\'z}niak and K. Kosack and D. Kostunin and Lang, {R. G.} and {Le Stum}, S. and A. Lemi{\`e}re and Lenain, {J. P.} and F. Leuschner and T. Lohse and A. Luashvili and I. Lypova and J. Mackey and D. Malyshev and V. Marandon and P. Marchegiani and A. Marcowith and G. Mart{\'i}-Devesa and R. Marx and A. Mitchell and R. Moderski and L. Mohrmann and A. Montanari and E. Moulin and T. Murach and K. Nakashima and J. Niemiec and Noel, {A. Priyana} and P. O'Brien and L. Olivera-Nieto and {De Ona Wilhelmi}, E. and M. Ostrowski and S. Panny and M. Panter and G. Peron and Prokhorov, {D. A.} and G. P{\"u}hlhofer and M. Punch and A. Quirrenbach and P. Reichherzer and A. Reimer and O. Reimer and H. Ren and M. Renaud and F. Rieger and B. Rudak and E. Ruiz-Velasco and V. Sahakian and A. Santangelo and M. Sasaki and J. Sch{\"a}fer and F. Sch{\"u}ssler and Schutte, {H. M.} and U. Schwanke and Shapopi, {J. N.S.} and A. Specovius and S. Spencer and L. Stawarz and R. Steenkamp and S. Steinmassl and I. Sushch and H. Suzuki and T. Takahashi and T. Tanaka and R. Terrier and {Van Eldik}, C. and M. Vecchi and J. Veh and C. Venter and J. Vink and R. White and A. Wierzcholska and Wong, {Yu Wun} and M. Zacharias and D. Zargaryan and Zdziarski, {A. A.} and A. Zech and S. Zouari and N. Zywucka and K. Mori",

year = "2023",

month = aug,

day = "23",

doi = "10.3847/1538-4357/ace327",

language = "English",

volume = "954",

journal = "Astrophysical Journal",

issn = "0004-637X",

publisher = "American Astronomical Society",

number = "1",

}

Acharyya, A, Adams, CB, Archer, A, Bangale, P, Bartkoske, JT, Batista, P, Benbow, W, Brill, A, Buckley, JH, Christiansen, JL, Chromey, AJ, Errando, M, Falcone, A, Feng, Q, Foote, GM, Fortson, L, Furniss, A, Gallagher, G, Hanlon, W, Hanna, D, Hervet, O, Hinrichs, CE, Hoang, J, Holder, J, Humensky, TB, Jin, W, Kaaret, P, Kertzman, M, Kherlakian, M, Kieda, D, Kleiner, TK, Korzoun, N, Kumar, S, Lang, MJ, Lundy, M, Maier, G, McGrath, CE, Millard, MJ, Millis, J, Mooney, CL, Moriarty, P, Mukherjee, R, O'Brien, S, Ong, RA, Pohl, M, Pueschel, E, Quinn, J, Ragan, K, Reynolds, PT, Ribeiro, D, Roache, E, Sadeh, I, Sadun, AC, Saha, L, Santander, M, Sembroski, GH, Shang, R, Splettstoesser, M, Talluri, AK, Tucci, JV, Vassiliev, VV, Weinstein, A, Williams, DA, Wong, SL, Woo, J, Aharonian, F, Aschersleben, J, Backes, M, Martins, VB, Batzofin, R, Becherini, Y, Berge, D, Bernlöhr, K, Bi, B, Böttcher, M, Boisson, C, Bolmont, J, De Bony De Lavergne, M, Borowska, J, Bouyahiaoui, M, Bradascio, F, Breuhaus, M, Brose, R, Brun, F, Bruno, B, Bulik, T, Burger-Scheidlin, C, Caroff, S, Casanova, S, Cecil, R, Celic, J, Cerruti, M, Chand, T, Chandra, S, Chen, A, Chibueze, J, Chibueze, O, Cotter, G, Dai, S, Mbarubucyeye, JD, Djannati-Ataï, A, Dmytriiev, A, Doroshenko, V, Einecke, S, Ernenwein, JP, De Clairfontaine, GF, Filipovic, M, Fontaine, G, Füßling, M, Funk, S, Gabici, S, Ghafourizadeh, S, Giavitto, G, Glawion, D, Glicenstein, JF, Goswami, P, Grolleron, G, Haerer, L, Hinton, JA, Holch, TL, Holler, M, Horns, D, Jamrozy, M, Jankowsky, F, Joshi, V, Jung-Richardt, I, Kasai, E, Katarzyński, K, Khatoon, R, Khélifi, B, Klepser, S, Kluźniak, W, Kosack, K, Kostunin, D, Lang, RG, Le Stum, S, Lemière, A, Lenain, JP, Leuschner, F, Lohse, T, Luashvili, A, Lypova, I, Mackey, J, Malyshev, D, Marandon, V, Marchegiani, P, Marcowith, A, Martí-Devesa, G, Marx, R, Mitchell, A, Moderski, R, Mohrmann, L, Montanari, A, Moulin, E, Murach, T, Nakashima, K, Niemiec, J, Noel, AP, O'Brien, P, Olivera-Nieto, L, De Ona Wilhelmi, E, Ostrowski, M, Panny, S, Panter, M, Peron, G, Prokhorov, DA, Pühlhofer, G, Punch, M, Quirrenbach, A, Reichherzer, P, Reimer, A, Reimer, O, Ren, H, Renaud, M, Rieger, F, Rudak, B, Ruiz-Velasco, E, Sahakian, V, Santangelo, A, Sasaki, M, Schäfer, J, Schüssler, F, Schutte, HM, Schwanke, U, Shapopi, JNS, Specovius, A, Spencer, S, Stawarz, L, Steenkamp, R, Steinmassl, S, Sushch, I, Suzuki, H, Takahashi, T, Tanaka, T, Terrier, R, Van Eldik, C, Vecchi, M, Veh, J, Venter, C, Vink, J, White, R, Wierzcholska, A, Wong, YW, Zacharias, M, Zargaryan, D, Zdziarski, AA, Zech, A, Zouari, S, Zywucka, N & Mori, K 2023, 'Multiwavelength observations of the blazar PKS 0735+178 in spatial and temporal coincidence with an astrophysical neutrino candidate IceCube-211208A', Astrophysical Journal, vol. 954, no. 1, 70. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ace327

TY - JOUR

T1 - Multiwavelength observations of the blazar PKS 0735+178 in spatial and temporal coincidence with an astrophysical neutrino candidate IceCube-211208A

AU - Acharyya, A.

AU - Adams, C. B.

AU - Archer, A.

AU - Bangale, P.

AU - Bartkoske, J. T.

AU - Batista, P.

AU - Benbow, W.

AU - Brill, A.

AU - Buckley, J. H.

AU - Christiansen, J. L.

AU - Chromey, A. J.

AU - Errando, M.

AU - Falcone, A.

AU - Feng, Q.

AU - Foote, G. M.

AU - Fortson, L.

AU - Furniss, A.

AU - Gallagher, G.

AU - Hanlon, W.

AU - Hanna, D.

AU - Hervet, O.

AU - Hinrichs, C. E.

AU - Hoang, J.

AU - Holder, J.

AU - Humensky, T. B.

AU - Jin, W.

AU - Kaaret, P.

AU - Kertzman, M.

AU - Kherlakian, M.

AU - Kieda, D.

AU - Kleiner, T. K.

AU - Korzoun, N.

AU - Kumar, S.

AU - Lang, M. J.

AU - Lundy, M.

AU - Maier, G.

AU - McGrath, C. E.

AU - Millard, M. J.

AU - Millis, J.

AU - Mooney, C. L.

AU - Moriarty, P.

AU - Mukherjee, R.

AU - O'Brien, S.

AU - Ong, R. A.

AU - Pohl, M.

AU - Pueschel, E.

AU - Quinn, J.

AU - Ragan, K.

AU - Reynolds, P. T.

AU - Ribeiro, D.

AU - Roache, E.

AU - Sadeh, I.

AU - Sadun, A. C.

AU - Saha, L.

AU - Santander, M.

AU - Sembroski, G. H.

AU - Shang, R.

AU - Splettstoesser, M.

AU - Talluri, A. Kaushik

AU - Tucci, J. V.

AU - Vassiliev, V. V.

AU - Weinstein, A.

AU - Williams, D. A.

AU - Wong, S. L.

AU - Woo, J.

AU - Aharonian, F.

AU - Aschersleben, J.

AU - Backes, M.

AU - Martins, V. Barbosa

AU - Batzofin, R.

AU - Becherini, Y.

AU - Berge, D.

AU - Bernlöhr, K.

AU - Bi, B.

AU - Böttcher, M.

AU - Boisson, C.

AU - Bolmont, J.

AU - De Bony De Lavergne, M.

AU - Borowska, J.

AU - Bouyahiaoui, M.

AU - Bradascio, F.

AU - Breuhaus, M.

AU - Brose, R.

AU - Brun, F.

AU - Bruno, B.

AU - Bulik, T.

AU - Burger-Scheidlin, C.

AU - Caroff, S.

AU - Casanova, S.

AU - Cecil, R.

AU - Celic, J.

AU - Cerruti, M.

AU - Chand, T.

AU - Chandra, S.

AU - Chen, A.

AU - Chibueze, J.

AU - Chibueze, O.

AU - Cotter, G.

AU - Dai, S.

AU - Mbarubucyeye, J. Damascene

AU - Djannati-Ataï, A.

AU - Dmytriiev, A.

AU - Doroshenko, V.

AU - Einecke, S.

AU - Ernenwein, J. P.

AU - De Clairfontaine, G. Fichet

AU - Filipovic, M.

AU - Fontaine, G.

AU - Füßling, M.

AU - Funk, S.

AU - Gabici, S.

AU - Ghafourizadeh, S.

AU - Giavitto, G.

AU - Glawion, D.

AU - Glicenstein, J. F.

AU - Goswami, P.

AU - Grolleron, G.

AU - Haerer, L.

AU - Hinton, J. A.

AU - Holch, T. L.

AU - Holler, M.

AU - Horns, D.

AU - Jamrozy, M.

AU - Jankowsky, F.

AU - Joshi, V.

AU - Jung-Richardt, I.

AU - Kasai, E.

AU - Katarzyński, K.

AU - Khatoon, R.

AU - Khélifi, B.

AU - Klepser, S.

AU - Kluźniak, W.

AU - Kosack, K.

AU - Kostunin, D.

AU - Lang, R. G.

AU - Le Stum, S.

AU - Lemière, A.

AU - Lenain, J. P.

AU - Leuschner, F.

AU - Lohse, T.

AU - Luashvili, A.

AU - Lypova, I.

AU - Mackey, J.

AU - Malyshev, D.

AU - Marandon, V.

AU - Marchegiani, P.

AU - Marcowith, A.

AU - Martí-Devesa, G.

AU - Marx, R.

AU - Mitchell, A.

AU - Moderski, R.

AU - Mohrmann, L.

AU - Montanari, A.

AU - Moulin, E.

AU - Murach, T.

AU - Nakashima, K.

AU - Niemiec, J.

AU - Noel, A. Priyana

AU - O'Brien, P.

AU - Olivera-Nieto, L.

AU - De Ona Wilhelmi, E.

AU - Ostrowski, M.

AU - Panny, S.

AU - Panter, M.

AU - Peron, G.

AU - Prokhorov, D. A.

AU - Pühlhofer, G.

AU - Punch, M.

AU - Quirrenbach, A.

AU - Reichherzer, P.

AU - Reimer, A.

AU - Reimer, O.

AU - Ren, H.

AU - Renaud, M.

AU - Rieger, F.

AU - Rudak, B.

AU - Ruiz-Velasco, E.

AU - Sahakian, V.

AU - Santangelo, A.

AU - Sasaki, M.

AU - Schäfer, J.

AU - Schüssler, F.

AU - Schutte, H. M.

AU - Schwanke, U.

AU - Shapopi, J. N.S.

AU - Specovius, A.

AU - Spencer, S.

AU - Stawarz, L.

AU - Steenkamp, R.

AU - Steinmassl, S.

AU - Sushch, I.

AU - Suzuki, H.

AU - Takahashi, T.

AU - Tanaka, T.

AU - Terrier, R.

AU - Van Eldik, C.

AU - Vecchi, M.

AU - Veh, J.

AU - Venter, C.

AU - Vink, J.

AU - White, R.

AU - Wierzcholska, A.

AU - Wong, Yu Wun

AU - Zacharias, M.

AU - Zargaryan, D.

AU - Zdziarski, A. A.

AU - Zech, A.

AU - Zouari, S.

AU - Zywucka, N.

AU - Mori, K.

PY - 2023/8/23

Y1 - 2023/8/23

N2 - We report on multiwavelength target-of-opportunity observations of the blazar PKS 0735+178, located 2.Â°2 away from the best-fit position of the IceCube neutrino event IceCube-211208A detected on 2021 December 8. The source was in a high-flux state in the optical, ultraviolet, X-ray, and GeV 3-ray bands around the time of the neutrino event, exhibiting daily variability in the soft X-ray flux. The X-ray data from Swift-XRT and NuSTAR characterize the transition between the low-energy and high-energy components of the broadband spectral energy distribution (SED), and the 3-ray data from Fermi-LAT, VERITAS, and H.E.S.S. require a spectral cutoff near 100 GeV. Both the X-ray and 3-ray measurements provide strong constraints on the leptonic and hadronic models. We analytically explore a synchrotron self-Compton model, an external Compton model, and a lepto-hadronic model. Models that are entirely based on internal photon fields face serious difficulties in matching the observed SED. The existence of an external photon field in the source would instead explain the observed 3-ray spectral cutoff in both the leptonic and lepto-hadronic models and allow a proton jet power that marginally agrees with the Eddington limit in the lepto-hadronic model. We show a numerical lepto-hadronic model with external target photons that reproduces the observed SED and is reasonably consistent with the neutrino event despite requiring a high jet power.

AB - We report on multiwavelength target-of-opportunity observations of the blazar PKS 0735+178, located 2.Â°2 away from the best-fit position of the IceCube neutrino event IceCube-211208A detected on 2021 December 8. The source was in a high-flux state in the optical, ultraviolet, X-ray, and GeV 3-ray bands around the time of the neutrino event, exhibiting daily variability in the soft X-ray flux. The X-ray data from Swift-XRT and NuSTAR characterize the transition between the low-energy and high-energy components of the broadband spectral energy distribution (SED), and the 3-ray data from Fermi-LAT, VERITAS, and H.E.S.S. require a spectral cutoff near 100 GeV. Both the X-ray and 3-ray measurements provide strong constraints on the leptonic and hadronic models. We analytically explore a synchrotron self-Compton model, an external Compton model, and a lepto-hadronic model. Models that are entirely based on internal photon fields face serious difficulties in matching the observed SED. The existence of an external photon field in the source would instead explain the observed 3-ray spectral cutoff in both the leptonic and lepto-hadronic models and allow a proton jet power that marginally agrees with the Eddington limit in the lepto-hadronic model. We show a numerical lepto-hadronic model with external target photons that reproduces the observed SED and is reasonably consistent with the neutrino event despite requiring a high jet power.

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85174215580&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.3847/1538-4357/ace327

DO - 10.3847/1538-4357/ace327

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:85174215580

SN - 0004-637X

VL - 954

JO - Astrophysical Journal

JF - Astrophysical Journal

IS - 1

M1 - 70

ER -

Multiwavelength observations of the blazar PKS 0735+178 in spatial and temporal coincidence with an astrophysical neutrino candidate IceCube-211208A

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