Musical ensemble performance : a theoretical framework and empirical findings on interpersonal coordination

Musical ensemble performance requires precise yet flexible interpersonal coordination. The former Max Planck Research Group on Music Cognition and Action investigated the psychological processes and brain mechanisms that enable such coordination. This paper provides an overview of the group's research on factors that determine the quality of ensemble cohesion. First, the theoretical framework and empirical approach that guided our work are outlined, and then key findings are described. These findings address the role of individual differences in cognitive-motor ensemble skills (anticipation, attention, and adaptation), social-psychological factors (personality), and the performer's knowledge about the music and familiarity with co-performers. The paper ends with a discussion of the implications of our research for pedagogical practice aimed at fostering excellence as an ensemble musician.