Nano reinforced cement and concrete composites and new perspective from graphene oxide

Progress in the field of nanomaterials presents an invaluable opportunity to develop cementitious composites at the nanoscale. Engineered nanomaterials exist in three principal shapes, namely 0D nanoparticle, 1D nanofiber and 2D nanosheet. The application of 0D nanoparticle and 1D nanofiber, such as nanosilica and carbon nanotubes (CNTs), respectively, has been reported in literature. The discovery of 2D nanosheet known as graphene oxide (GO) provides an extra dimension to interact with cement and concrete matrix and has yet to gain widespread attention. In this paper, recent research studies in developing cement and concrete nanocomposites are comprehensively reviewed. Also highlighted herein are the effect of incorporating nanomaterials in low dosages to the fabrication, workability, hydration, microstructure, and mechanical properties of cement-based composites.