Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma in cardiovascular disorders and cardiovascular surgery

Peroxisome proliferation-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is a nuclear receptor regulating transcription of several genes involved mainly in fatty acid and energy metabolism. PPARγ agonists are used as insulin sensitizers for treatment of diabetes. However, according to the results of recent studies, their clinical application can be broadened. Activation of PPARγ has a wide spectrum of biological functions, regulating metabolism, reducing inflammation, influencing the balance of immune cells, inhibiting apoptosis and oxidative stress, and improving endothelial function. These effects appear to be beneficial not only in diabetes and atherosclerosis, but also in a number of other conditions, including cardiovascular surgical interventions. In this review we discuss the role of PPARγ in various conditions associated with cardiovascular risk, including diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, and hypertension, and will focus on current applications of PPARγ activators and their therapeutic use. We will also give an overview of the potential use of PPARγ agonists in cardiovascular surgical intervention.