Perspectives of people with dysphagia and their supporters on the potential for 3D food printing to improve mealtime-related quality of life

Purpose: To understand the views of people with dysphagia and their supporters on the feasibility of using 3D food printing to improve the visual appeal of texture-modified foods and their mealtime experiences. Materials and Methods: Nine people with dysphagia and four of their supporters engaged in a virtual 3D food printing experience and interview over Zoom# about their impressions and usability of the printer and potential for it to improve their mealtime experiences. The in-depth interviews were analysed using thematic analysis and usability heuristics. Results: Four content themes in the interviews impacted on the feasibility of 3D food printing. They related to the practicality, design acceptability, population suitability, and cost of 3D food printing. Usability heuristic analysis revealed that print quality, user control, error prevention, and handling of food consistencies would impact on use. Perceived low efficiency and increased time required to create food shapes meant participants were cautious in their overall impressions of the role of the device. Conclusion: After an immersive virtual experience with a 3D food printer, people with dysphagia and their supporters identified a wide range of usability issues that would need to be addressed prior to implementation and in the future design of user-friendly 3D food printers for people with dysphagia. Future research should include people with dysphagia and their supporters in 3D food printer design and implementation trials.