Phyllosphere Mycobiome: Diversity and Function

Around plants, from interior to exterior, belowground to aboveground, they together comprise an intricate microbial ecosystem. Diverse microbial life inhabits it. Compared with the attention on rhizosphere microbiome (e.g., plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and soil borne pathogens), the current knowledge of phyllosphere mycobiome is still limited. In this chapter, we aim to provide a synthesis of current knowledge on phyllosphere mycobiome, including foliar endophytic fungi and epiphytic fungi from giant trees to dwarf shrubs, and from uncharted tropical rainforests to rural farmlands. Their high diversity and essential ecological functions are reviewed. We highlight the current knowledge about fungal biogeographic patterns, temporal dynamics, and community assembly processes in phyllosphere at the different temporal and spatial scales. Their environmental drivers, population sources as well as interactions with host plants and other plant-associated microbes are fully discussed. Considering the deep impacts of global change on the entire earth system, we further summarize the responses and potential feedbacks of phyllosphere mycobiome to several global change factors. By accumulating the knowledge of phyllosphere mycobiome, conserving their diversity, and utilizing their functions, we will be better to deal with the global environmental issues and rebuild a healthier plant planet in a sustainable way.