Plant-based therapeutics for chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases: nanoformulation strategies to overcome delivery challenges

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a widespread global health problem marked by increasing airflow limitation and chronic airway inflammation. Conventional treatments for COPD offer limited efficacy and have potentially undesirable effects, requiring the investigation of other therapeutic options. Because of their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and bronchodilatory effects, plant-based chemicals have emerged as viable candidates for COPD therapy. The successful delivery of these compounds to the respiratory system, on the other hand, remains an enormous challenge. This extensive review article explores the promising potential of plantbased therapies for COPD and investigates leading-edge nanoformulation technologies targeted at addressing the complex delivery challenges that accompany these natural compounds. We discuss multiple plant-derived compounds (polyphenols, flavonoids, and alkaloids) and their modes of action in reducing COPD-related indications and complications. Additionally, the function of nanotechnology in improving the bioavailability, stability, and targeted delivery of plant-based pharmaceuticals in COPD treatment is explored. Nanoformulation techniques, such as nanoparticles, liposomes, and micelles, are described, with an emphasis on their potential to precisely encapsulate and transport plant-derived bioactive to the afflicted parts of the lung. Furthermore, constraints in the development of plant-based nanoformulations for COPD are also highlighted, including safety, scalability, and regulatory issues. The current review aims to provide a thorough understanding of the promising future of COPD treatment by combining knowledge of plant-based therapies and novel nanoformulation technologies. The intersection of nature-inspired medicines and nanotechnology may hold the key to more effective, safer, and patient-centred therapeutic choices for people suffering from this chronic respiratory illness.