Seismic safety assessment of buildings and perceptions of earthquake risk among communities in Mingora, Swat, Pakistan

Pakistan has experienced several devastating earthquakes, including the 2005 Kashmir earthquake, which resulted in significant loss of life and damage. Mingora City, located in Seismic Zone 3, is particularly vulnerable and requires seismic evaluations and retrofitting of buildings to prevent future casualties and building collapses. Due to the high costs and complexity of seismic assessments, it is impractical to assess all buildings. This study used the FEMA P-154 Rapid Visual Screening (RVS) method to assess 210 buildings. The study also examined local residents’ risk perceptions through interviews. Findings revealed that most buildings had plan and vertical irregularities, such as short columns or soft storeys, and over 90% of buildings fall within damage grades 4 and 5, highlighting the urgent need for retrofitting. Poor construction quality and lack of maintenance were also noted, with 37% of buildings showing damage. Public awareness of earthquake safety was low, and 89.5% of residents agreed on the need for better education. The study highlights the need for public awareness campaigns on earthquake risks and safety.