Shari'a and multiple modernities in Western countries: toward a multi-faith pragmatic modern approach rather than a legal pluralist one?

The modernity fashioned in Europe and the US was exported and expanded around the world. However, this process was neither homogenous nor straightforward. Not only were there differences in the 'modernities' despatched by these various countries, but the countries to which they were exported have interpreted and adapted the paradigm in various ways (Berger et al. 2008). With regard to religion, specifically, while some countries were eradicating religion from their public sphere to fit the European mould (as, for example, in Kamal's Turkey), others, like Malaysia, were keeping religion within a modernist ethos.