Smart for all: the development of singpass towards an inclusive smart nation platform

Many countries are rapidly approaching a digital-by-default model. Public and private transactions are increasingly conducted through digital and online platforms. Smart cities are at the forefront of this transformation, reshaping the dominant ways people live and interact with their surroundings. Smart cities are intrinsically linked to sustainable development. Digital services and smart applications have the potential to create more resilient, efficient, and competitive cities. However, such progress threatens to widen the digital divide. Historically marginalised communities, such as people with visual disabilities, are at risk of being left behind. Digital inclusion of people with disabilities is inherent to achieving inclusive development and is a critical issue. In this study, we align with the critical perspective on disability and challenge the dominant values and assumptions that inform current smart city visions and development practices. We highlight the moral imperative and new logics necessary to consciously build inclusive digital services for all.