Steady-state granular flow in a three-dimensional cylindrical hopper with flat bottom: Microscopic analysis

The steady state granular flow in cylindrical hopper with flat bottom was discussed using discrete element method. The spatial and statistical distribution of microdynamic variables and interacting forces were established. It was found that large contact forces were experienced by particles in the upper part and the region near the orifice. Analysis shows that the velocity distribution, flow and force structure were affected by the geometric and physical parameters of the hopper and particles.