Strengthening methods of stone masonry structures: a critical review

Characterized by locally sourced materials, economic practicality, and exceptional weather resistance, stone masonry structures are widely distributed globally. Nevertheless, deficiencies such as low tensile strength of materials, susceptibility to brittle fracture in bending components, and weak structural integrity significantly undermine their seismic performance. This investigation systematically and comprehensively elaborates the traditional strengthening techniques and latest research advances for stone masonry structures, ranging from individual components (stone masonry walls, monolithic stone beams used in floors) to entire structural systems, while critically analyzing existing technical limitations. Future research priorities are proposed, emphasizing three directions: (1) developing innovative strengthening techniques that avoid secondary damage, utilize sustainable materials, and remain practical for on-site implementation; (2) prioritize integrating structural strengthening with energy-efficient retrofitting for sustainable stone masonry conservation; (3) investigating methods to enhance connections between stone masonry walls and monolithic stone beams; (4) establishing comprehensive strengthening strategies that concurrently meet both component-level and structural system-level requirements of stone masonry structures. This review provides a systematic reference for optimizing strengthening strategies and fostering innovation in engineering practices for stone masonry structures.