Sub-hourly forecasting of fire potential using machine learning on time series of surface weather variables

Background: Rapidly developing pre-fire weather conditions contributing to sudden fire outbreaks can have devastating consequences. Accurate short-term forecasting is important for timely evacuations and effective fire suppression measures. Aims: This study aims to introduce a novel machine learning-based approach for forecasting fire potential and to test its performance in the Sunshine Coast region of Queensland, Australia, over a period of 15 years from 2002 to 2017. Methods: By analysing real-time data from local weather stations at a sub-hourly temporal resolution, we aimed to identify distinct weather patterns occurring hours to days before fires. We trained random forest machine learning models to classify pre-fire conditions. Key results: The models achieved high out-of-sample accuracy, with a 47% higher accuracy than the standard fire danger index for the region. When simulating real forecasting conditions, the model anticipated 75% of the fires (11 out of 15). Conclusions: This method provides objective, quantifiable information, enhancing the precision and effectiveness of fire warning systems. Implications: The proposed forecasting approach supports decision-makers in implementing timely evacuations and effective fire suppression measures, ultimately reducing the impact of fires.