Synergistic use of geniposide and ginsenoside Rg1 balance microglial TNF-d6fc; and TGF-β1 following oxygen-glucose deprivation in vitro : a genome-wide survey

Ischemia-activated microglia are like a double-edged sword, characterized by both neurotoxic and neuroprotective effects. The aim of this study was to reveal the synergistic effect of geniposide and ginsenoside Rg1 based on tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) 𝛼 and transforming growth factor- (TGF-) 𝛽1 balance of microglia. BV2 microglial cells were divided into 5 groups: control, model (oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)), geniposide-treated, ginsenoside-Rg1-treated, and combination-treated. A series of assays were used to detect on (i) cell viability; (ii) NO content; (iii) expression (content) of TNF-𝛼 and TGF-𝛽1; and (iv) gene expression profiles. The results showed that integrated use of geniposide and ginsenoside Rg1 significantly inhibited NO level and protected cell viability, improved the content and expression of TGF-𝛽1, and reduced the content and expression of TNF-𝛼. Separated use of geniposide or ginsenoside Rg1 showed different effects at different emphases. Next-generation sequencing showed that Fc𝛾-receptor-mediated phagocytosis pathway played a key regulatory role in the balance of TNF-𝛼 and TGF-𝛽1 when cotreated with geniposide and ginsenoside Rg1. These findings suggest that synergistic drug combination of geniposide and ginsenoside Rg1 in the treatment of stroke is a feasible avenue for the application.