The importance of blood-borne viruses in elevated cancer risk among opioid-dependent people : a population-based cohort study

Alexander Swart, Lucinda Burns, Limin Mao, Andrew E. Grulich, Janaki Amin, Dianne L. O'Connell, Nicola S. Meagher, Deborah A. Randall, Louisa Degenhardt, Claire M. Vajdic

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    24 Citations (Scopus)

    Abstract

    Objective: To quantify cancer risk in opioid dependence and the association with infection by the oncogenic blood-borne viruses (BBVs) hepatitis C (HCV), hepatitis B (HBV) and HIV. Design: Cohort study. Setting: New South Wales, Australia. Participants: All 45 412 adults aged 16 years or over registered for opioid substitution therapy (OST) between 1985 and 2007. Notifications of cancer, death and infection with HCV, HBV and HIV were ascertained by record linkage with registries. Main outcome measures: The ratios of observed to expected number of cancers, standardised incidence ratios (SIRs), and the average annual per cent change (AAPC) in overall age and sex-standardised cancer incidence. Results: Overall cancer risk was modestly increased compared to the general population (SIR 1.15, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.23). Excess risk was observed for 11 cancers, particularly lung (4.02, 95% CI 3.32 to 4.82), non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (1.51, 95% CI 1.20 to 1.88) and liver (8.04, 95% CI 6.18 to 10.3). Reduced risk was observed for six cancers, including prostate (0.16, 95% CI 0.06 to 0.32) and breast (0.48, 95% CI 0.35 to 0.62). Individuals notified with HCV or HBV had a markedly increased risk of liver cancer; lung cancer risk was also increased in those with HCV. HIV was associated with an elevated risk of liver, anus and kidney cancer, non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Kaposi sarcoma. Cancer risk was not increased in individuals without a BBV notification, apart from pancreatic cancer (3.92, 95% CI 1.07 to 10.0). Cancer incidence increased significantly over time (AAPC 9.4%, 4.2% to 15%, p=0.001). Conclusions: BBVs play a major role in the cancer risk profile of opioid-dependent individuals registered for OST. To address the dramatic increasing trend in cancer incidence, the OST setting could be utilised for cancer prevention strategies.
    Original languageEnglish
    Article numbere001755
    Number of pages12
    JournalBMJ Open
    Volume2
    Issue number5
    DOIs
    Publication statusPublished - 2012

    Open Access - Access Right Statement

    © The Authors. BMJ Open. This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 2.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work noncommercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial.

    Keywords

    • Australia
    • HIV (viruses)
    • anus cancer
    • nonhodgkin lymphoma
    • opiate
    • pancreas cancer
    • prostate cancer

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