The legitimation of screenshots as visual evidence in social media: YouTube videos spreading misinformation and disinformation

This article explores the use of screenshots as a form of visual evidence on social media platforms. It considers their role in YouTube videos that spread misinformation and disinformation about the Notre Dame Cathedral Fire and an internet hoax, the Momo Challenge. The article draws on two social semiotic frameworks, legitimation (Van Leeuwen in 'Legitimation in discourse and communication, 2007) and affiliation (Knight in 'Evaluating experience in funny ways', 2013, and Zappavigna in 'Searchable Talk and Social Media Metadiscourse', 2018), to analyse how screenshots and accompanying voiceovers construe technological authority and propagate social values. Seven key forms of screenshots are identified in the dataset, alongside the key social bonds that are made visually salient in the screenshots. Overall, this research contributes to how we understand the role of screenshots in instances of misinformation and disinformation, highlighting the importance of identifying the affiliation potential of the screenshot in order to determine its veracity.