The online data filter for the KM3NeT neutrino telescopes

O. Adriani; S. Aiello; A. Albert; A. R. Alhebsi; M. Alshamsi; S. Alves Garre; A. Ambrosone; F. Ameli; M. Andre; L. Aphecetche; M. Ardid; S. Ardid; J. Aublin; F. Badaracco; L. Bailly-Salins; Z. Bardačová; B. Baret; A. Bariego-Quintana; Y. Becherini; M. Bendahman; F. Benfenati Gualandi; M. Benhassi; M. Bennani; D. M. Benoit; E. Berbee; E. Berti; V. Bertin; P. Betti; S. Biagi; M. Boettcher; D. Bonanno; S. Bottai; A. B. Bouasla; J. Boumaaza; M. Bouta; M. Bouwhuis; C. Bozza; R. M. Bozza; H. Brânzaş; F. Bretaudeau; M. Breuhaus; R. Bruijn; J. Brunner; R. Bruno; E. Buis; R. Buompane; J. Busto; B. Caiffi; D. Calvo; A. Capone; F. Carenini; V. Carretero; T. Cartraud; P. Castaldi; V. Cecchini; S. Celli; L. Cerisy; M. Chabab; A. Chen; S. Cherubini; T. Chiarusi; M. Circella; R. Clark; R. Cocimano; J. A.B. Coelho; A. Coleiro; A. Condorelli; R. Coniglione; P. Coyle; A. Creusot; G. Cuttone; R. Dallier; A. De Benedittis; G. De Wasseige; V. Decoene; P. Deguire; I. Del Rosso; L. S. Di Mauro; I. Di Palma; A. F. Díaz; D. Diego-Tortosa; C. Distefano; A. Domi; C. Donzaud; D. Dornic; E. Drakopoulou; D. Drouhin; J. G. Ducoin; P. Duverne; R. Dvornický; T. Eberl; E. Eckerová; A. Eddymaoui; T. van Eeden; M. Eff; D. van Eijk; I. El Bojaddaini; S. El Hedri; S. El Mentawi; A. Enzenhöfer; G. Ferrara; M. D. Filipović; F. Filippini; D. Franciotti; L. A. Fusco; T. Gal; J. García Méndez; A. Garcia Soto; C. Gatius Oliver; N. Geißelbrecht; E. Genton; H. Ghaddari; L. Gialanella; B. K. Gibson; E. Giorgio; I. Goos; P. Goswami; S. R. Gozzini; R. Gracia; B. Guillon; C. Haack; H. van Haren; A. Heijboer; L. Hennig; J. J. Hernández-Rey; A. Idrissi; W. Idrissi Ibnsalih; G. Illuminati; R. Jaimes; O. Janik; D. Joly; M. de Jong; P. de Jong; B. J. Jung; P. Kalaczyński; J. Keegans; V. Kikvadze; G. Kistauri; C. Kopper; A. Kouchner; Y. Y. Kovalev; L. Krupa; V. Kueviakoe; V. Kulikovskiy; R. Kvatadze; M. Labalme; R. Lahmann; M. Lamoureux; G. Larosa; C. Lastoria; J. Lazar; A. Lazo; S. Le Stum; G. Lehaut; V. Lemaître; E. Leonora; N. Lessing; G. Levi; M. Lindsey Clark; F. Longhitano; F. Magnani; J. Majumdar; L. Malerba; F. Mamedov; A. Manfreda; A. Manousakis; M. Marconi; A. Margiotta; A. Marinelli; C. Markou; L. Martin; M. Mastrodicasa; S. Mastroianni; J. Mauro; K. C.K. Mehta; G. Miele; P. Migliozzi; E. Migneco; M. L. Mitsou; C. M. Mollo; L. Morales-Gallegos; N. Mori; A. Moussa; I. Mozun Mateo; R. Muller; M. R. Musone; M. Musumeci; S. Navas; A. Nayerhoda; C. A. Nicolau; B. Nkosi; B. Ó Fearraigh; V. Oliviero; A. Orlando; E. Oukacha; L. Pacini; D. Paesani; J. Palacios González; G. Papalashvili; P. Papini; V. Parisi; A. Parmar; E. J.Pastor Gomez; C. Pastore; A. M. Păun; G. E. Păvălaş; S. Peña Martínez; M. Perrin-Terrin; V. Pestel; M. Petropavlova; P. Piattelli; A. Plavin; C. Poirè; V. Popa; T. Pradier; J. Prado; S. Pulvirenti; C. A. Quiroz-Rangel; N. Randazzo; A. Ratnani; S. Razzaque; I. C. Rea; D. Real; G. Riccobene; J. Robinson; A. Romanov; E. Ros; A. Šaina; F. Salesa Greus; D. F.E. Samtleben; A. Sánchez Losa; S. Sanfilippo; M. Sanguineti; D. Santonocito; P. Sapienza; M. Scaringella; M. Scarnera; J. Schnabel; J. Schumann; J. Seneca; N. Sennan; P. A. Sevle Myhr; I. Sgura; R. Shanidze; Chengyu Shao; A. Sharma; Y. Shitov; F. Šimkovic; A. Simonelli; A. Sinopoulou; B. Spisso; M. Spurio; O. Starodubtsev; D. Stavropoulos; I. Štekl; D. Stocco; M. Taiuti; G. Takadze; Y. Tayalati; H. Thiersen; S. Thoudam; I. Tosta e Melo; B. Trocmé; V. Tsourapis; E. Tzamariudaki; A. Ukleja; A. Vacheret; V. Valsecchi; V. Van Elewyck; G. Vannoye; E. Vannuccini; G. Vasileiadis; F. Vazquez de Sola; A. Veutro; S. Viola; D. Vivolo; A. van Vliet; E. de Wolf; I. Lhenry-Yvon; S. Zavatarelli; D. Zito; J. D. Zornoza; J. Zúñiga

doi:10.1016/j.nima.2025.171097

The online data filter for the KM3NeT neutrino telescopes

O. Adriani
, S. Aiello
, A. Albert
, A. R. Alhebsi
, M. Alshamsi
, S. Alves Garre
, A. Ambrosone
, F. Ameli
, M. Andre
, L. Aphecetche
, M. Ardid
, S. Ardid
, J. Aublin
, F. Badaracco
, L. Bailly-Salins
, Z. Bardačová
, B. Baret
, A. Bariego-Quintana
, Y. Becherini
, M. Bendahman

F. Benfenati Gualandi, M. Benhassi, M. Bennani, D. M. Benoit, E. Berbee, E. Berti, V. Bertin, P. Betti, S. Biagi, M. Boettcher, D. Bonanno, S. Bottai, A. B. Bouasla, J. Boumaaza, M. Bouta, M. Bouwhuis, C. Bozza, R. M. Bozza, H. Brânzaş, F. Bretaudeau, M. Breuhaus, R. Bruijn, J. Brunner, R. Bruno, E. Buis, R. Buompane, J. Busto, B. Caiffi, D. Calvo, A. Capone, F. Carenini, V. Carretero, T. Cartraud, P. Castaldi, V. Cecchini, S. Celli, L. Cerisy, M. Chabab, A. Chen, S. Cherubini, T. Chiarusi, M. Circella, R. Clark, R. Cocimano, J. A.B. Coelho, A. Coleiro, A. Condorelli, R. Coniglione, P. Coyle, A. Creusot, G. Cuttone, R. Dallier, A. De Benedittis, G. De Wasseige, V. Decoene, P. Deguire, I. Del Rosso, L. S. Di Mauro, I. Di Palma, A. F. Díaz, D. Diego-Tortosa, C. Distefano, A. Domi, C. Donzaud, D. Dornic, E. Drakopoulou, D. Drouhin, J. G. Ducoin, P. Duverne, R. Dvornický, T. Eberl, E. Eckerová, A. Eddymaoui, T. van Eeden, M. Eff, D. van Eijk, I. El Bojaddaini, S. El Hedri, S. El Mentawi, A. Enzenhöfer, G. Ferrara, M. D. Filipović, F. Filippini, D. Franciotti, L. A. Fusco, T. Gal, J. García Méndez, A. Garcia Soto, C. Gatius Oliver, N. Geißelbrecht, E. Genton, H. Ghaddari, L. Gialanella, B. K. Gibson, E. Giorgio, I. Goos, P. Goswami, S. R. Gozzini, R. Gracia, B. Guillon, C. Haack, H. van Haren, A. Heijboer, L. Hennig, J. J. Hernández-Rey, A. Idrissi, W. Idrissi Ibnsalih, G. Illuminati, R. Jaimes, O. Janik, D. Joly, M. de Jong, P. de Jong, B. J. Jung, P. Kalaczyński, J. Keegans, V. Kikvadze, G. Kistauri, C. Kopper, A. Kouchner, Y. Y. Kovalev, L. Krupa, V. Kueviakoe, V. Kulikovskiy, R. Kvatadze, M. Labalme, R. Lahmann, M. Lamoureux, G. Larosa, C. Lastoria, J. Lazar, A. Lazo, S. Le Stum, G. Lehaut, V. Lemaître, E. Leonora, N. Lessing, G. Levi, M. Lindsey Clark, F. Longhitano, F. Magnani, J. Majumdar, L. Malerba, F. Mamedov, A. Manfreda, A. Manousakis, M. Marconi, A. Margiotta, A. Marinelli, C. Markou, L. Martin, M. Mastrodicasa, S. Mastroianni, J. Mauro, K. C.K. Mehta, G. Miele, P. Migliozzi, E. Migneco, M. L. Mitsou, C. M. Mollo, L. Morales-Gallegos, N. Mori, A. Moussa, I. Mozun Mateo, R. Muller, M. R. Musone, M. Musumeci, S. Navas, A. Nayerhoda, C. A. Nicolau, B. Nkosi, B. Ó Fearraigh, V. Oliviero, A. Orlando, E. Oukacha, L. Pacini, D. Paesani, J. Palacios González, G. Papalashvili, P. Papini, V. Parisi, A. Parmar, E. J.Pastor Gomez, C. Pastore, A. M. Păun, G. E. Păvălaş, S. Peña Martínez, M. Perrin-Terrin, V. Pestel, M. Petropavlova, P. Piattelli, A. Plavin, C. Poirè, V. Popa, T. Pradier, J. Prado, S. Pulvirenti, C. A. Quiroz-Rangel, N. Randazzo, A. Ratnani, S. Razzaque, I. C. Rea, D. Real, G. Riccobene, J. Robinson, A. Romanov, E. Ros, A. Šaina, F. Salesa Greus, D. F.E. Samtleben, A. Sánchez Losa, S. Sanfilippo, M. Sanguineti, D. Santonocito, P. Sapienza, M. Scaringella, M. Scarnera, J. Schnabel, J. Schumann, J. Seneca, N. Sennan, P. A. Sevle Myhr, I. Sgura, R. Shanidze, Chengyu Shao, A. Sharma, Y. Shitov, F. Šimkovic, A. Simonelli, A. Sinopoulou, B. Spisso, M. Spurio, O. Starodubtsev, D. Stavropoulos, I. Štekl, D. Stocco, M. Taiuti, G. Takadze, Y. Tayalati, H. Thiersen, S. Thoudam, I. Tosta e Melo, B. Trocmé, V. Tsourapis, E. Tzamariudaki, A. Ukleja, A. Vacheret, V. Valsecchi, V. Van Elewyck, G. Vannoye, E. Vannuccini, G. Vasileiadis, F. Vazquez de Sola, A. Veutro, S. Viola, D. Vivolo, A. van Vliet, E. de Wolf, I. Lhenry-Yvon, S. Zavatarelli, D. Zito, J. D. Zornoza, J. Zúñiga

University of Florence
National Institute for Nuclear Physics
Université de Strasbourg
Université de Haute-Alsace
Khalifa University of Science and Technology
Aix-Marseille University
University of Valencia
University of Naples Federico II
Polytechnic University of Catalonia
Nantes Université
Polytechnic University of Valencia
Université Paris Cité
University of Genoa
Normandie Université
Czech Technical University in Prague
Comenius University
University of Bologna
University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli
University of Hull
National Institute for Subatomic Physics
North West University
Badji Mokhtar University
Mohammed V University in Rabat
University of Salerno
National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics
University of Amsterdam
Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research
University of Rome La Sapienza
Cadi Ayyad University
University of the Witwatersrand
University of Catania
Université catholique de Louvain
University of Granada
Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg
Demokritos National Centre for Scientific Research
Mohamed I University
CPPM
Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research - NIOZ
Leiden University
AGH University of Krakow
Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center of the Polish Academy of Sciences
Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University
The University of Georgia, Tbilisi
Institut universitaire de France
Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy
University of Sharjah
Harvard University
Mohammed VI Polytechnic University
University of Johannesburg
Sun Yat-Sen University
Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

1 Citation (Scopus)

Abstract

The KM3NeT research infrastructure comprises two neutrino telescopes located in the deep waters of the Mediterranean Sea, namely ORCA and ARCA. KM3NeT/ORCA is designed for the measurement of neutrino properties and KM3NeT/ARCA for the detection of high-energy neutrinos from the cosmos. Neutrinos are indirectly detected using three-dimensional arrays of photo-sensors which detect the Cherenkov light that is produced when relativistic charged particles emerge from a neutrino interaction. The analogue pulses from the photo-sensors are digitised offshore and all digital data are sent to a station on shore where they are processed in real time using a farm of commodity servers and custom software. In this paper, the design and performance of the software that is used to filter the data are presented. The performance of the data filter is evaluated in terms of its efficiency, purity and capacity. The efficiency is measured by the effective volumes of the sensor arrays as a function of the energy of the neutrino. The purity is measured by a comparison of the event rate caused by muons produced by cosmic ray interactions in the Earth's atmosphere with the event rate caused by the background from decays of radioactive elements in the sea water and bioluminescence. The capacity is measured by the minimal number of servers that is needed to sustain the rate of incoming data. The results of these evaluations comply with all specifications. The count rates of all photo-sensors are measured with a sampling frequency of 10 Hz. These data are input to the simulations of the detector response and will also be made available for interdisciplinary research.

Original language	English
Article number	171097
Number of pages	10
Journal	Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research. Section A: Accelerators , Spectrometers , Detectors and Associated Equipment
Volume	1083
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2025.171097
Publication status	Published - Mar 2026

Keywords

Data filter
Neutrino telescope
Software

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Full textFinal published version, 1.57 MBLicence: CC BY

Cite this

Adriani, O., Aiello, S., Albert, A., Alhebsi, A. R., Alshamsi, M., Alves Garre, S., Ambrosone, A., Ameli, F., Andre, M., Aphecetche, L., Ardid, M., Ardid, S., Aublin, J., Badaracco, F., Bailly-Salins, L., Bardačová, Z., Baret, B., Bariego-Quintana, A., Becherini, Y., ... Zúñiga, J. (2026). The online data filter for the KM3NeT neutrino telescopes. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research. Section A: Accelerators , Spectrometers , Detectors and Associated Equipment, 1083, Article 171097. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2025.171097

@article{7bc00a800ad64ea5a564f00862798bd9,

title = "The online data filter for the KM3NeT neutrino telescopes",

abstract = "The KM3NeT research infrastructure comprises two neutrino telescopes located in the deep waters of the Mediterranean Sea, namely ORCA and ARCA. KM3NeT/ORCA is designed for the measurement of neutrino properties and KM3NeT/ARCA for the detection of high-energy neutrinos from the cosmos. Neutrinos are indirectly detected using three-dimensional arrays of photo-sensors which detect the Cherenkov light that is produced when relativistic charged particles emerge from a neutrino interaction. The analogue pulses from the photo-sensors are digitised offshore and all digital data are sent to a station on shore where they are processed in real time using a farm of commodity servers and custom software. In this paper, the design and performance of the software that is used to filter the data are presented. The performance of the data filter is evaluated in terms of its efficiency, purity and capacity. The efficiency is measured by the effective volumes of the sensor arrays as a function of the energy of the neutrino. The purity is measured by a comparison of the event rate caused by muons produced by cosmic ray interactions in the Earth's atmosphere with the event rate caused by the background from decays of radioactive elements in the sea water and bioluminescence. The capacity is measured by the minimal number of servers that is needed to sustain the rate of incoming data. The results of these evaluations comply with all specifications. The count rates of all photo-sensors are measured with a sampling frequency of 10 Hz. These data are input to the simulations of the detector response and will also be made available for interdisciplinary research.",

keywords = "Data filter, Neutrino telescope, Software",

author = "O. Adriani and S. Aiello and A. Albert and Alhebsi, \{A. R.\} and M. Alshamsi and \{Alves Garre\}, S. and A. Ambrosone and F. Ameli and M. Andre and L. Aphecetche and M. Ardid and S. Ardid and J. Aublin and F. Badaracco and L. Bailly-Salins and Z. Barda{\v c}ov{\'a} and B. Baret and A. Bariego-Quintana and Y. Becherini and M. Bendahman and \{Benfenati Gualandi\}, F. and M. Benhassi and M. Bennani and Benoit, \{D. M.\} and E. Berbee and E. Berti and V. Bertin and P. Betti and S. Biagi and M. Boettcher and D. Bonanno and S. Bottai and Bouasla, \{A. B.\} and J. Boumaaza and M. Bouta and M. Bouwhuis and C. Bozza and Bozza, \{R. M.\} and H. Br{\^a}nza{\c s} and F. Bretaudeau and M. Breuhaus and R. Bruijn and J. Brunner and R. Bruno and E. Buis and R. Buompane and J. Busto and B. Caiffi and D. Calvo and A. Capone and F. Carenini and V. Carretero and T. Cartraud and P. Castaldi and V. Cecchini and S. Celli and L. Cerisy and M. Chabab and A. Chen and S. Cherubini and T. Chiarusi and M. Circella and R. Clark and R. Cocimano and Coelho, \{J. A.B.\} and A. Coleiro and A. Condorelli and R. Coniglione and P. Coyle and A. Creusot and G. Cuttone and R. Dallier and \{De Benedittis\}, A. and \{De Wasseige\}, G. and V. Decoene and P. Deguire and \{Del Rosso\}, I. and \{Di Mauro\}, \{L. S.\} and \{Di Palma\}, I. and D{\'i}az, \{A. F.\} and D. Diego-Tortosa and C. Distefano and A. Domi and C. Donzaud and D. Dornic and E. Drakopoulou and D. Drouhin and Ducoin, \{J. G.\} and P. Duverne and R. Dvornick{\'y} and T. Eberl and E. Eckerov{\'a} and A. Eddymaoui and \{van Eeden\}, T. and M. Eff and \{van Eijk\}, D. and \{El Bojaddaini\}, I. and \{El Hedri\}, S. and \{El Mentawi\}, S. and A. Enzenh{\"o}fer and G. Ferrara and Filipovi{\'c}, \{M. D.\} and F. Filippini and D. Franciotti and Fusco, \{L. A.\} and T. Gal and \{Garc{\'i}a M{\'e}ndez\}, J. and \{Garcia Soto\}, A. and \{Gatius Oliver\}, C. and N. Gei{\ss}elbrecht and E. Genton and H. Ghaddari and L. Gialanella and Gibson, \{B. K.\} and E. Giorgio and I. Goos and P. Goswami and Gozzini, \{S. R.\} and R. Gracia and B. Guillon and C. Haack and \{van Haren\}, H. and A. Heijboer and L. Hennig and Hern{\'a}ndez-Rey, \{J. J.\} and A. Idrissi and \{Idrissi Ibnsalih\}, W. and G. Illuminati and R. Jaimes and O. Janik and D. Joly and \{de Jong\}, M. and \{de Jong\}, P. and Jung, \{B. J.\} and P. Kalaczy{\'n}ski and J. Keegans and V. Kikvadze and G. Kistauri and C. Kopper and A. Kouchner and Kovalev, \{Y. Y.\} and L. Krupa and V. Kueviakoe and V. Kulikovskiy and R. Kvatadze and M. Labalme and R. Lahmann and M. Lamoureux and G. Larosa and C. Lastoria and J. Lazar and A. Lazo and \{Le Stum\}, S. and G. Lehaut and V. Lema{\^i}tre and E. Leonora and N. Lessing and G. Levi and \{Lindsey Clark\}, M. and F. Longhitano and F. Magnani and J. Majumdar and L. Malerba and F. Mamedov and A. Manfreda and A. Manousakis and M. Marconi and A. Margiotta and A. Marinelli and C. Markou and L. Martin and M. Mastrodicasa and S. Mastroianni and J. Mauro and Mehta, \{K. C.K.\} and G. Miele and P. Migliozzi and E. Migneco and Mitsou, \{M. L.\} and Mollo, \{C. M.\} and L. Morales-Gallegos and N. Mori and A. Moussa and \{Mozun Mateo\}, I. and R. Muller and Musone, \{M. R.\} and M. Musumeci and S. Navas and A. Nayerhoda and Nicolau, \{C. A.\} and B. Nkosi and \{{\'O} Fearraigh\}, B. and V. Oliviero and A. Orlando and E. Oukacha and L. Pacini and D. Paesani and \{Palacios Gonz{\'a}lez\}, J. and G. Papalashvili and P. Papini and V. Parisi and A. Parmar and Gomez, \{E. J.Pastor\} and C. Pastore and P{\u a}un, \{A. M.\} and P{\u a}v{\u a}la{\c s}, \{G. E.\} and \{Pe{\~n}a Mart{\'i}nez\}, S. and M. Perrin-Terrin and V. Pestel and M. Petropavlova and P. Piattelli and A. Plavin and C. Poir{\`e} and V. Popa and T. Pradier and J. Prado and S. Pulvirenti and Quiroz-Rangel, \{C. A.\} and N. Randazzo and A. Ratnani and S. Razzaque and Rea, \{I. C.\} and D. Real and G. Riccobene and J. Robinson and A. Romanov and E. Ros and A. {\v S}aina and \{Salesa Greus\}, F. and Samtleben, \{D. F.E.\} and \{S{\'a}nchez Losa\}, A. and S. Sanfilippo and M. Sanguineti and D. Santonocito and P. Sapienza and M. Scaringella and M. Scarnera and J. Schnabel and J. Schumann and J. Seneca and N. Sennan and \{Sevle Myhr\}, \{P. A.\} and I. Sgura and R. Shanidze and Chengyu Shao and A. Sharma and Y. Shitov and F. {\v S}imkovic and A. Simonelli and A. Sinopoulou and B. Spisso and M. Spurio and O. Starodubtsev and D. Stavropoulos and I. {\v S}tekl and D. Stocco and M. Taiuti and G. Takadze and Y. Tayalati and H. Thiersen and S. Thoudam and \{Tosta e Melo\}, I. and B. Trocm{\'e} and V. Tsourapis and E. Tzamariudaki and A. Ukleja and A. Vacheret and V. Valsecchi and \{Van Elewyck\}, V. and G. Vannoye and E. Vannuccini and G. Vasileiadis and \{Vazquez de Sola\}, F. and A. Veutro and S. Viola and D. Vivolo and \{van Vliet\}, A. and \{de Wolf\}, E. and I. Lhenry-Yvon and S. Zavatarelli and D. Zito and Zornoza, \{J. D.\} and J. Z{\'u}{\~n}iga",

year = "2026",

month = mar,

doi = "10.1016/j.nima.2025.171097",

language = "English",

volume = "1083",

journal = "Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research. Section A: Accelerators , Spectrometers , Detectors and Associated Equipment",

issn = "0168-9002",

publisher = "Elsevier B.V.",

}

Adriani, O, Aiello, S, Albert, A, Alhebsi, AR, Alshamsi, M, Alves Garre, S, Ambrosone, A, Ameli, F, Andre, M, Aphecetche, L, Ardid, M, Ardid, S, Aublin, J, Badaracco, F, Bailly-Salins, L, Bardačová, Z, Baret, B, Bariego-Quintana, A, Becherini, Y, Bendahman, M, Benfenati Gualandi, F, Benhassi, M, Bennani, M, Benoit, DM, Berbee, E, Berti, E, Bertin, V, Betti, P, Biagi, S, Boettcher, M, Bonanno, D, Bottai, S, Bouasla, AB, Boumaaza, J, Bouta, M, Bouwhuis, M, Bozza, C, Bozza, RM, Brânzaş, H, Bretaudeau, F, Breuhaus, M, Bruijn, R, Brunner, J, Bruno, R, Buis, E, Buompane, R, Busto, J, Caiffi, B, Calvo, D, Capone, A, Carenini, F, Carretero, V, Cartraud, T, Castaldi, P, Cecchini, V, Celli, S, Cerisy, L, Chabab, M, Chen, A, Cherubini, S, Chiarusi, T, Circella, M, Clark, R, Cocimano, R, Coelho, JAB, Coleiro, A, Condorelli, A, Coniglione, R, Coyle, P, Creusot, A, Cuttone, G, Dallier, R, De Benedittis, A, De Wasseige, G, Decoene, V, Deguire, P, Del Rosso, I, Di Mauro, LS, Di Palma, I, Díaz, AF, Diego-Tortosa, D, Distefano, C, Domi, A, Donzaud, C, Dornic, D, Drakopoulou, E, Drouhin, D, Ducoin, JG, Duverne, P, Dvornický, R, Eberl, T, Eckerová, E, Eddymaoui, A, van Eeden, T, Eff, M, van Eijk, D, El Bojaddaini, I, El Hedri, S, El Mentawi, S, Enzenhöfer, A, Ferrara, G, Filipović, MD, Filippini, F, Franciotti, D, Fusco, LA, Gal, T, García Méndez, J, Garcia Soto, A, Gatius Oliver, C, Geißelbrecht, N, Genton, E, Ghaddari, H, Gialanella, L, Gibson, BK, Giorgio, E, Goos, I, Goswami, P, Gozzini, SR, Gracia, R, Guillon, B, Haack, C, van Haren, H, Heijboer, A, Hennig, L, Hernández-Rey, JJ, Idrissi, A, Idrissi Ibnsalih, W, Illuminati, G, Jaimes, R, Janik, O, Joly, D, de Jong, M, de Jong, P, Jung, BJ, Kalaczyński, P, Keegans, J, Kikvadze, V, Kistauri, G, Kopper, C, Kouchner, A, Kovalev, YY, Krupa, L, Kueviakoe, V, Kulikovskiy, V, Kvatadze, R, Labalme, M, Lahmann, R, Lamoureux, M, Larosa, G, Lastoria, C, Lazar, J, Lazo, A, Le Stum, S, Lehaut, G, Lemaître, V, Leonora, E, Lessing, N, Levi, G, Lindsey Clark, M, Longhitano, F, Magnani, F, Majumdar, J, Malerba, L, Mamedov, F, Manfreda, A, Manousakis, A, Marconi, M, Margiotta, A, Marinelli, A, Markou, C, Martin, L, Mastrodicasa, M, Mastroianni, S, Mauro, J, Mehta, KCK, Miele, G, Migliozzi, P, Migneco, E, Mitsou, ML, Mollo, CM, Morales-Gallegos, L, Mori, N, Moussa, A, Mozun Mateo, I, Muller, R, Musone, MR, Musumeci, M, Navas, S, Nayerhoda, A, Nicolau, CA, Nkosi, B, Ó Fearraigh, B, Oliviero, V, Orlando, A, Oukacha, E, Pacini, L, Paesani, D, Palacios González, J, Papalashvili, G, Papini, P, Parisi, V, Parmar, A, Gomez, EJP, Pastore, C, Păun, AM, Păvălaş, GE, Peña Martínez, S, Perrin-Terrin, M, Pestel, V, Petropavlova, M, Piattelli, P, Plavin, A, Poirè, C, Popa, V, Pradier, T, Prado, J, Pulvirenti, S, Quiroz-Rangel, CA, Randazzo, N, Ratnani, A, Razzaque, S, Rea, IC, Real, D, Riccobene, G, Robinson, J, Romanov, A, Ros, E, Šaina, A, Salesa Greus, F, Samtleben, DFE, Sánchez Losa, A, Sanfilippo, S, Sanguineti, M, Santonocito, D, Sapienza, P, Scaringella, M, Scarnera, M, Schnabel, J, Schumann, J, Seneca, J, Sennan, N, Sevle Myhr, PA, Sgura, I, Shanidze, R, Shao, C, Sharma, A, Shitov, Y, Šimkovic, F, Simonelli, A, Sinopoulou, A, Spisso, B, Spurio, M, Starodubtsev, O, Stavropoulos, D, Štekl, I, Stocco, D, Taiuti, M, Takadze, G, Tayalati, Y, Thiersen, H, Thoudam, S, Tosta e Melo, I, Trocmé, B, Tsourapis, V, Tzamariudaki, E, Ukleja, A, Vacheret, A, Valsecchi, V, Van Elewyck, V, Vannoye, G, Vannuccini, E, Vasileiadis, G, Vazquez de Sola, F, Veutro, A, Viola, S, Vivolo, D, van Vliet, A, de Wolf, E, Lhenry-Yvon, I, Zavatarelli, S, Zito, D, Zornoza, JD & Zúñiga, J 2026, 'The online data filter for the KM3NeT neutrino telescopes', Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research. Section A: Accelerators , Spectrometers , Detectors and Associated Equipment, vol. 1083, 171097. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2025.171097

TY - JOUR

T1 - The online data filter for the KM3NeT neutrino telescopes

AU - Adriani, O.

AU - Aiello, S.

AU - Albert, A.

AU - Alhebsi, A. R.

AU - Alshamsi, M.

AU - Alves Garre, S.

AU - Ambrosone, A.

AU - Ameli, F.

AU - Andre, M.

AU - Aphecetche, L.

AU - Ardid, M.

AU - Ardid, S.

AU - Aublin, J.

AU - Badaracco, F.

AU - Bailly-Salins, L.

AU - Bardačová, Z.

AU - Baret, B.

AU - Bariego-Quintana, A.

AU - Becherini, Y.

AU - Bendahman, M.

AU - Benfenati Gualandi, F.

AU - Benhassi, M.

AU - Bennani, M.

AU - Benoit, D. M.

AU - Berbee, E.

AU - Berti, E.

AU - Bertin, V.

AU - Betti, P.

AU - Biagi, S.

AU - Boettcher, M.

AU - Bonanno, D.

AU - Bottai, S.

AU - Bouasla, A. B.

AU - Boumaaza, J.

AU - Bouta, M.

AU - Bouwhuis, M.

AU - Bozza, C.

AU - Bozza, R. M.

AU - Brânzaş, H.

AU - Bretaudeau, F.

AU - Breuhaus, M.

AU - Bruijn, R.

AU - Brunner, J.

AU - Bruno, R.

AU - Buis, E.

AU - Buompane, R.

AU - Busto, J.

AU - Caiffi, B.

AU - Calvo, D.

AU - Capone, A.

AU - Carenini, F.

AU - Carretero, V.

AU - Cartraud, T.

AU - Castaldi, P.

AU - Cecchini, V.

AU - Celli, S.

AU - Cerisy, L.

AU - Chabab, M.

AU - Chen, A.

AU - Cherubini, S.

AU - Chiarusi, T.

AU - Circella, M.

AU - Clark, R.

AU - Cocimano, R.

AU - Coelho, J. A.B.

AU - Coleiro, A.

AU - Condorelli, A.

AU - Coniglione, R.

AU - Coyle, P.

AU - Creusot, A.

AU - Cuttone, G.

AU - Dallier, R.

AU - De Benedittis, A.

AU - De Wasseige, G.

AU - Decoene, V.

AU - Deguire, P.

AU - Del Rosso, I.

AU - Di Mauro, L. S.

AU - Di Palma, I.

AU - Díaz, A. F.

AU - Diego-Tortosa, D.

AU - Distefano, C.

AU - Domi, A.

AU - Donzaud, C.

AU - Dornic, D.

AU - Drakopoulou, E.

AU - Drouhin, D.

AU - Ducoin, J. G.

AU - Duverne, P.

AU - Dvornický, R.

AU - Eberl, T.

AU - Eckerová, E.

AU - Eddymaoui, A.

AU - van Eeden, T.

AU - Eff, M.

AU - van Eijk, D.

AU - El Bojaddaini, I.

AU - El Hedri, S.

AU - El Mentawi, S.

AU - Enzenhöfer, A.

AU - Ferrara, G.

AU - Filipović, M. D.

AU - Filippini, F.

AU - Franciotti, D.

AU - Fusco, L. A.

AU - Gal, T.

AU - García Méndez, J.

AU - Garcia Soto, A.

AU - Gatius Oliver, C.

AU - Geißelbrecht, N.

AU - Genton, E.

AU - Ghaddari, H.

AU - Gialanella, L.

AU - Gibson, B. K.

AU - Giorgio, E.

AU - Goos, I.

AU - Goswami, P.

AU - Gozzini, S. R.

AU - Gracia, R.

AU - Guillon, B.

AU - Haack, C.

AU - van Haren, H.

AU - Heijboer, A.

AU - Hennig, L.

AU - Hernández-Rey, J. J.

AU - Idrissi, A.

AU - Idrissi Ibnsalih, W.

AU - Illuminati, G.

AU - Jaimes, R.

AU - Janik, O.

AU - Joly, D.

AU - de Jong, M.

AU - de Jong, P.

AU - Jung, B. J.

AU - Kalaczyński, P.

AU - Keegans, J.

AU - Kikvadze, V.

AU - Kistauri, G.

AU - Kopper, C.

AU - Kouchner, A.

AU - Kovalev, Y. Y.

AU - Krupa, L.

AU - Kueviakoe, V.

AU - Kulikovskiy, V.

AU - Kvatadze, R.

AU - Labalme, M.

AU - Lahmann, R.

AU - Lamoureux, M.

AU - Larosa, G.

AU - Lastoria, C.

AU - Lazar, J.

AU - Lazo, A.

AU - Le Stum, S.

AU - Lehaut, G.

AU - Lemaître, V.

AU - Leonora, E.

AU - Lessing, N.

AU - Levi, G.

AU - Lindsey Clark, M.

AU - Longhitano, F.

AU - Magnani, F.

AU - Majumdar, J.

AU - Malerba, L.

AU - Mamedov, F.

AU - Manfreda, A.

AU - Manousakis, A.

AU - Marconi, M.

AU - Margiotta, A.

AU - Marinelli, A.

AU - Markou, C.

AU - Martin, L.

AU - Mastrodicasa, M.

AU - Mastroianni, S.

AU - Mauro, J.

AU - Mehta, K. C.K.

AU - Miele, G.

AU - Migliozzi, P.

AU - Migneco, E.

AU - Mitsou, M. L.

AU - Mollo, C. M.

AU - Morales-Gallegos, L.

AU - Mori, N.

AU - Moussa, A.

AU - Mozun Mateo, I.

AU - Muller, R.

AU - Musone, M. R.

AU - Musumeci, M.

AU - Navas, S.

AU - Nayerhoda, A.

AU - Nicolau, C. A.

AU - Nkosi, B.

AU - Ó Fearraigh, B.

AU - Oliviero, V.

AU - Orlando, A.

AU - Oukacha, E.

AU - Pacini, L.

AU - Paesani, D.

AU - Palacios González, J.

AU - Papalashvili, G.

AU - Papini, P.

AU - Parisi, V.

AU - Parmar, A.

AU - Gomez, E. J.Pastor

AU - Pastore, C.

AU - Păun, A. M.

AU - Păvălaş, G. E.

AU - Peña Martínez, S.

AU - Perrin-Terrin, M.

AU - Pestel, V.

AU - Petropavlova, M.

AU - Piattelli, P.

AU - Plavin, A.

AU - Poirè, C.

AU - Popa, V.

AU - Pradier, T.

AU - Prado, J.

AU - Pulvirenti, S.

AU - Quiroz-Rangel, C. A.

AU - Randazzo, N.

AU - Ratnani, A.

AU - Razzaque, S.

AU - Rea, I. C.

AU - Real, D.

AU - Riccobene, G.

AU - Robinson, J.

AU - Romanov, A.

AU - Ros, E.

AU - Šaina, A.

AU - Salesa Greus, F.

AU - Samtleben, D. F.E.

AU - Sánchez Losa, A.

AU - Sanfilippo, S.

AU - Sanguineti, M.

AU - Santonocito, D.

AU - Sapienza, P.

AU - Scaringella, M.

AU - Scarnera, M.

AU - Schnabel, J.

AU - Schumann, J.

AU - Seneca, J.

AU - Sennan, N.

AU - Sevle Myhr, P. A.

AU - Sgura, I.

AU - Shanidze, R.

AU - Shao, Chengyu

AU - Sharma, A.

AU - Shitov, Y.

AU - Šimkovic, F.

AU - Simonelli, A.

AU - Sinopoulou, A.

AU - Spisso, B.

AU - Spurio, M.

AU - Starodubtsev, O.

AU - Stavropoulos, D.

AU - Štekl, I.

AU - Stocco, D.

AU - Taiuti, M.

AU - Takadze, G.

AU - Tayalati, Y.

AU - Thiersen, H.

AU - Thoudam, S.

AU - Tosta e Melo, I.

AU - Trocmé, B.

AU - Tsourapis, V.

AU - Tzamariudaki, E.

AU - Ukleja, A.

AU - Vacheret, A.

AU - Valsecchi, V.

AU - Van Elewyck, V.

AU - Vannoye, G.

AU - Vannuccini, E.

AU - Vasileiadis, G.

AU - Vazquez de Sola, F.

AU - Veutro, A.

AU - Viola, S.

AU - Vivolo, D.

AU - van Vliet, A.

AU - de Wolf, E.

AU - Lhenry-Yvon, I.

AU - Zavatarelli, S.

AU - Zito, D.

AU - Zornoza, J. D.

AU - Zúñiga, J.

PY - 2026/3

Y1 - 2026/3

N2 - The KM3NeT research infrastructure comprises two neutrino telescopes located in the deep waters of the Mediterranean Sea, namely ORCA and ARCA. KM3NeT/ORCA is designed for the measurement of neutrino properties and KM3NeT/ARCA for the detection of high-energy neutrinos from the cosmos. Neutrinos are indirectly detected using three-dimensional arrays of photo-sensors which detect the Cherenkov light that is produced when relativistic charged particles emerge from a neutrino interaction. The analogue pulses from the photo-sensors are digitised offshore and all digital data are sent to a station on shore where they are processed in real time using a farm of commodity servers and custom software. In this paper, the design and performance of the software that is used to filter the data are presented. The performance of the data filter is evaluated in terms of its efficiency, purity and capacity. The efficiency is measured by the effective volumes of the sensor arrays as a function of the energy of the neutrino. The purity is measured by a comparison of the event rate caused by muons produced by cosmic ray interactions in the Earth's atmosphere with the event rate caused by the background from decays of radioactive elements in the sea water and bioluminescence. The capacity is measured by the minimal number of servers that is needed to sustain the rate of incoming data. The results of these evaluations comply with all specifications. The count rates of all photo-sensors are measured with a sampling frequency of 10 Hz. These data are input to the simulations of the detector response and will also be made available for interdisciplinary research.

AB - The KM3NeT research infrastructure comprises two neutrino telescopes located in the deep waters of the Mediterranean Sea, namely ORCA and ARCA. KM3NeT/ORCA is designed for the measurement of neutrino properties and KM3NeT/ARCA for the detection of high-energy neutrinos from the cosmos. Neutrinos are indirectly detected using three-dimensional arrays of photo-sensors which detect the Cherenkov light that is produced when relativistic charged particles emerge from a neutrino interaction. The analogue pulses from the photo-sensors are digitised offshore and all digital data are sent to a station on shore where they are processed in real time using a farm of commodity servers and custom software. In this paper, the design and performance of the software that is used to filter the data are presented. The performance of the data filter is evaluated in terms of its efficiency, purity and capacity. The efficiency is measured by the effective volumes of the sensor arrays as a function of the energy of the neutrino. The purity is measured by a comparison of the event rate caused by muons produced by cosmic ray interactions in the Earth's atmosphere with the event rate caused by the background from decays of radioactive elements in the sea water and bioluminescence. The capacity is measured by the minimal number of servers that is needed to sustain the rate of incoming data. The results of these evaluations comply with all specifications. The count rates of all photo-sensors are measured with a sampling frequency of 10 Hz. These data are input to the simulations of the detector response and will also be made available for interdisciplinary research.

KW - Data filter

KW - Neutrino telescope

KW - Software

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105020861365

U2 - 10.1016/j.nima.2025.171097

DO - 10.1016/j.nima.2025.171097

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:105020861365

SN - 0168-9002

VL - 1083

JO - Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research. Section A: Accelerators , Spectrometers , Detectors and Associated Equipment

JF - Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research. Section A: Accelerators , Spectrometers , Detectors and Associated Equipment

M1 - 171097

ER -

The online data filter for the KM3NeT neutrino telescopes

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