The rhythms of trance: cultural phenomenology and neural mechanisms of music-induced non-ordinary states of consciousness

This review integrates anthropological and neuroscientific perspectives to elucidate music-induced trance processes and their relevance to non-ordinary states of consciousness (NSCs). The objectives are to deepen the understanding of trance phenomena, delineate links across diverse trance expressions, and inform future neuroscientific research. Drawing on anthropological insights, we examine the phenomenology, reported benefits, and central role of music in trance-inducing practices. Examples ranging from traditional shamanism to contemporary rave culture reveal shared cultural narratives and highlight a common set of musical features that facilitate trance induction and maintenance across ritualistic and recreational contexts. On the neuroscientific front, we review brain imaging studies that map neural activity and connectivity during music-induced trance processes. Findings suggest that different forms of trance may engage partially overlapping neural dynamics, including increased synchronization in low-frequency bands and shifts from executive control networks to limbic and default mode networks. These patterns underline the dynamic interplay between cognitive, emotional, and sensory systems during trance, although the current empirical evidence remains fragmented and methodologically heterogeneous. Our interdisciplinary synthesis emphasizes trance as both a cultural and biological phenomenon and calls for future integration of phenomenological and neurophysiological data to build comprehensive models of music-induced NSCs.