Using docking to verify and validate nonformal models of complex business innovation

This article applies docking to two formal models of the same nonformal innovation model, in an attempt to verify and validate the models in the absence of quantitative real-world data. The comparison of the results of a fuzzy logic model (FL) and an agent-based model (ABM) indicates distributional equivalence. Blending various types of verification and validation and docking thus can help researchers formulate a successful strategy, even in situations in which quantitative data are scarce.