Vocational Education and Training (VET) for prisoners: a scoping review

Objectives: This study explores prisoners’ participation in Vocational Education and Training (VET) programs and the role of VET in supporting post-release employment. Methods: A scoping review of 36 peer-reviewed, empirical studies published between 1975 and 2024 identified four key themes: (1) education, recidivism, and employment; (2) barriers to education in prison; (3) participation in prison education; (4) post-release employment factors. Results: VET programs were found to enhance job-specific skills, self-efficacy, and motivation—key to successful reintegration. However, persistent barriers to participation and post-release employment remain, including dispositional, situational, and institutional challenges. The literature calls for tailored interventions, integrated support, and employer engagement. Conclusions: None of the studies specified the vocational qualifications attained or their impact on job-specific skills and motivation. This gap has implications for alignment in training with the labor market and embedding support services for prisoners transitioning to employment.