Where do we stand with immunotherapy for advanced pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma : a synopsis of clinical outcomes

Pancreatic cancer is the seventh leading cause of cancer-related mortality in both sexes across the globe. It is associated with extremely poor prognosis and remains a critical burden worldwide due to its low survival rates. Histologically, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) accounts for 80% of all pancreatic cancers; the majority of which are diagnosed at advanced stages, which makes them ineligible for curative surgery. Conventional chemotherapy provides a five-year overall survival rate of less than 8% forcing scientists and clinicians to search for better treatment strategies. Recent discoveries in cancer immunology have resulted in the incorporation of immunotherapeutic strategies for cancer treatment. Particularly, immune-checkpoint inhibitors, adoptive cell therapies and cancer vaccines have already shifted guidelines for some malignancies, although their efficacy in PDAC has yet to be elucidated. In this review, we summarize the existing clinical data on immunotherapy clinical outcomes in patients with advanced or metastatic PDAC.