Living in our bodies

: the influence of outdoor physical activity on women’s positive body image

Abstract

In Western society, women contend with media-driven body image standards, impacting their self-image. Acknowledging appearance-focused societal norms, this research seeks to evidence the link between outdoor experiences and positive body image. The main research questions are: Can engagement in outdoor physical activity catalyse a shift in the perception of body image? What is the relationship between body appreciation and functionality appreciation? Do variables such as time per day, frequency per year, and yearly activity intensity impact body appreciation and functionality appreciation in women? Can demographic variables predict body appreciation and functionality appreciation in women? By bridging research gaps, this study contributes insights into transformative outdoor engagement for women’s body perceptions, aiming to inspire a shift towards holistic wellbeing and positive body image amid appearance-driven norms.

The study collected responses from a total of 553 participants recruited via outdoor-focused groups on Facebook. All participants identified as female and were over the age of 18. Sampling involved the use of both probability and purposive sampling methods. The study utilised a convergent mixed-method approach. Participants completed the Body Appreciation Scale-II (BAS-II) (Tylka & Wood-Barcalow, 2015) and the Functionality Appreciation Scale (FAS) (Alleva et al., 2017) to assess positive body image. Open-ended questions enhanced data depth. Furthermore, 40 one-on-one interviews were conducted and analysed using reflexive thematic analysis (Braun & Clarke, 2023).

I conducted a thorough investigation into the statistical connections among variables, exploring relationships to enhance the validity and reliability of findings. Demographic insights disclosed that 80.80% of study participants experienced a positive change in body image due to outdoor physical activity. Quantitative assessments, utilising BAS-II and FAS indicated moderate body appreciation (BAS-II M=3.63) and high functionality appreciation (FAS M=4.42). Statistical analyses examined the impact of outdoor physical activity on women’s body image through correlation, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), and a two-step hierarchical regression. Correlation analysis illustrated a positive link between body appreciation and functionality appreciation. ANOVA analyses demonstrated the influence of time and frequency on body appreciation, with frequency impacting functionality appreciation. The hierarchical regression, employing predictor variables in a two-step model, underscored the significance of demographic factors in shaping body image perceptions. Through a meticulous examination of these relationships and the implementation of a robust methodology, the research identified subtle patterns and trends within the data.

Through qualitative methods, including interviews, and explored in a reflexive thematic analysis, participants shared personal narratives revealing the ways engaging in outdoor physical activities influenced their perceptions of their bodies. The richness of these qualitative accounts complements the statistical correlations identified, emphasising that active participation in outdoor physical activities has the potential to enhance women’s positive body image.

Grounded in a rigorous statistical analysis complemented by a thorough reflexive thematic analysis, this thesis presents a comprehensive model of positive body image in outdoor engagement. Emphasising self-acceptance, empowerment, the mind–body connection, functionality appreciation, gratitude for the outdoors, self-discovery, and societal influences, the model celebrates the body’s intrinsic value and strength. Promoting a positive relationship grounded in capabilities and achievements, it rejects body shaming and unrealistic beauty standards. This holistic approach acknowledges the body’s resilience, adaptability, and performance in outdoor environments, valuing functionality and the joy of movement over appearance.

Date of Award	2023
Original language	English
Supervisor	Tonia Gray (Supervisor)